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Social exclusion v? Social inclusion. Dzhevid Mahmud CITIZEN PARTICIPATION UNIVERSITY 2014. First ever excluded were?. Adam and Eve It brings to self-identification . What?. Oxford dictionary
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Social exclusion v? Social inclusion Dzhevid Mahmud CITIZEN PARTICIPATION UNIVERSITY 2014
First ever excluded were? • Adam and Eve • It brings to self-identification
What? Oxford dictionary • Exclusion from the prevailing social system and its rights and privileges, typically as a result of poverty or the fact of belonging to a minority social group. Ilo.org • Both a process and state that prevents individuals or groups from full participation in social, economic and political life and from asserting their rights
Different from M-W • Discrimination- the practice of unfairly treating a person or group of people differently from other people or groups of people Ilo.org • Marginalization- being well aside from the center (between integration and social-exclusion)
Social inclusion is the process by which the exclusionary processes and relationships that contribute to social exclusion are addressed. • The goal: growth , improved welfare and, ultimately development
Different Oxford dictionary • Integration- the act or process of mixing people who have previously been separated, usually because of colour, race, religion, etc: • Partnership: is a process by which different types of actors (public sector, private sector) agree to work together to implement a plan of action, a programme or a joint project through strategies and actions.
Why partnership is important? – it is a growth process, builds relationships, people get to know each other, plan and act together. Equally share roles, and responsibilities. Brings to more transparency, gives clarity to power relations.
Who? • Social exclusion can affect anyone . But certain groups, are at greater risk to suffer from it. • Low income, family conflict, low quality education, older people, younger people, ethnic minorities, living in deprived neighborhood, rural areas.
Types of exclusion: • Social Exclusion • Exclusion from the Economy/Production • Exclusion from Politics • Exclusion from Social Participation • Geographic Exclusion
Indicators of the extent of exclusion: • Economic • Training and education • Employment and income • Housing and accommodation • Health care • Information , communication technology (ICT) • Culture
Why exclusion occurs? • Economic changes, globalization, regime change, • Polarized communities, Discrimination • Bad governmental policies- education, employment, social housing, no focus on outcomes, lack of evidence based policies • I.E. Institution are setting high criteria for selection thus fortifying exclusion, or setting the budget in itself is process of exclusion.
Links between poverty and the environment • Poor people live closely to nature; they are presumed to live essentially on the raw resources that nature provides • As their productivity is very limited, poor people tend to have a lot of children as safety insurance on the one hand, and to raise their living standard on the other hand.
Secondly, poor people don’t have a secure livelihood. In the countryside, poor farmers don’t have access to land tenure, so they are often forced for their • survival to exploit marginal areas of forests or unfavorable areas in a way that is called “cut and run.”
Thirdly, lack of financial resources forces them to resort to an informal but high interest capital market. • Fourthly, poverty causes social problems. In developed countries, European suburban violence and black riots in the United States are caused mainly by problems associated with poverty.
Costs of exclusion • It affects the individual and the society as a whole. • Individual • Deprivation from education • Financial loss • Hindered access to services • Stress, health issues • Lack of hope
Societal • Social disparities • Higher crime rate • Reduced mobility • Economic losses • Welfare burden
Where? • Biggest income disparities – Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa • Europe- Non- Roma, Roma
What is Inclusion about? • social protection • maintaining minimum living standards, • providing income support, • providing employment opportunities and guarantees, • improving access to services, including health and reducing occupational risks
How to combat exclusion? • Prevention from exclusion and partnership in re-inclusion, providing basic services • All this possible only after- open policy making, partnership implementation, link between social and economic policies, focus on outcomes, than on the process, sustainable process
Reasons to do it: • those affected • intrinsic values • materialization of rights • high cost of exclusion
Role of actors: • IGO’s • Governments • Civil Society -INGO’s, National, Local, • Business • Media
Exemplary areas to work: • Children, families and schools; • Skills, jobs and income; • Homes, neighborhoods and communities; • Race; • Crime; • Older people; and • Health and disability
Activities: • On prevention, motivation, training, information, monitoring, mediation and negotiation, interaction and partnership. • Awareness raising on the existence and the need to combat the exclusion
challenge existing power relations, public-private, business- unemployed, associations of excluded groups • efforts to build positive image, emancipation of the excluded, work on prevention
Roma Inclusion: • 4 key areas- • Education: ensuring that all Roma children complete primary school; • Employment: cutting the employment gap between Roma and other citizens; • Health: reducing the gap in health status between the Roma and the general population; • Housing: closing the gap in access to housing and public utilities such as water and electricity.
Decade of Roma Inclusion • Goal: To eliminate discrimination against Roma and close the unacceptable gaps between Roma and the rest of society. To improve the socio-economic status and social inclusion of the Romani minority across the region • www.romadecade.org
Roma Education Fund • Goalis to close the gap in educational outcomes between Roma and non-Roma http://www.romaeducationfund.hu/ref-one-page
Objectives • access to compulsory education • Improving the quality of education • Implementing integration and desegregation • Expanding access to pre-school education • Increasing access to secondary, post secondary and adult education
REF runs five major programs: • Project Support Program • REF Scholarship Program • Policy Development and Capacity Building Program • Communication and Cross Country Learning Program • Reimbursable Grant Program
OSI Roma Initiatives Office • Support- advocacy campaigns, support for civil society, capacity building, training, internships at EC, EP, COE, RAP at CEU, in promotion of positive image of Roma, and intercultural dialog
Food for thought: • Exclusion through inclusion?! • Inclusion through exclusion?!
Arnstein, Sherry R. "A Ladder of Citizen Participation," JAIP
