Passive Defense Measures for Nuclear Incidents in Wars

1. Passive defense measures to confront the health and environmental consequences of a possible nuclear incident in wars SomayehAzarmi (1), Maryam Azizi (2), SeyedOmidKhalilifar (*) 1- Iran, Tehran, instructor, Ph.D. Student in “Health in Emergencies and Disasters”, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, Military Nursing Department. (Correspond author) * Email: azarmi1363@yahoo.com 2- Iran, Tehran, instructor, Ph.D. Student in “Health in Emergencies and Disasters”, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing Department. Email: m.azizi_411@yahoo.com 3- Iran, Tehran, Ph.D. Strategic Management, Aja University of Medical Sciences. omidkhalilifar@hotmail.com (Correspond author)* V_Poster Code: For e.g.: A-10-111-1 SomayehAzarmi - Instructor, Ph.D. Student in “Health in Emergencies and Disasters”, Faculty of Nursing, Military Nursing Department, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

2. Introduction Attacking to a nuclear power plant in wars is a major nuclear threat for a nation's people. The release of large quantities of radioactive material causes irreparable damages to health and the environment. The passive defense is one of the fundamental pillars of national security and defense independence and peace and development of each country and In front of the various threats; and also the cost of enemy attack and the threshold of popular resistance increase. The purpose of this article is to familiarize with passive defense measures against potential nuclear incidents caused by an attack on nuclear power plants in wars. SomayehAzarmi - Instructor, Ph.D. Student in “Health in Emergencies and Disasters”, Faculty of Nursing, Military Nursing Department, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

3. Method This study is a review article. Researcher searched with Keywords of Nuclear incident, Passive defense, public Health and War in the searching databases of SID, PubMed, Iran Medex and Google scholar in the period 2005-2018. SomayehAzarmi - Instructor, Ph.D. Student in “Health in Emergencies and Disasters”, Faculty of Nursing, Military Nursing Department, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

4. Result Nuclear passive defense measures did not require the use of weapons. By its implementation, it is possible to prevent or reduce the financial damage to important military and civilian equipment and facilities and human casualties. Passive defense measures in front of health and environmental hazards caused by nuclear incidents, comprising three different areas: 1. Reducing vulnerability, 2. Increasing deterrence, and 3. continuing the necessary activities. This article describes the steps in each section in detail. SomayehAzarmi - Instructor, Ph.D. Student in “Health in Emergencies and Disasters”, Faculty of Nursing, Military Nursing Department, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

5. Discussion comprising three different areas: 1. Reducing vulnerability includes activation and development of the infrastructure of passive defense against nuclear threats and development and implementation of a comprehensive plan of passive defense against nuclear threats and … 2. Increasing deterrence includes Dispersion of power plants, Establishment of nuclear monitoring bases in different parts of the region, improvement of specialized human resources by promoting education and research in universities and …, and 3. continuing the necessary activities includes needs assessment and planning for continuing health service in terms of infrastructure and facilities, development of information management systems in the field of passive defense in the health sector, providing and securing medicines and equipment for health services at national, regional and local levels during the crisis. SomayehAzarmi - Instructor, Ph.D. Student in “Health in Emergencies and Disasters”, Faculty of Nursing, Military Nursing Department, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

6. Conclusion Regarding the potential nuclear threat from the enemy and the possibility of unforeseen incidents occurring in our country's nuclear facilities or at the nuclear facilities of neighboring countries, maintaining nuclear passive defense readiness is very important. SomayehAzarmi - Instructor, Ph.D. Student in “Health in Emergencies and Disasters”, Faculty of Nursing, Military Nursing Department, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

7. References • Eskandari M, Omidvar B, TavakoliSani MS. Loss estimation of interdependent infrastructures in targeted attacks. Emergency Management, Special Issue of Passive Defense Week. 2015;93:19-30. • JalaliFarahani G, Hosnavi R, Ataee MH, GhanbaryNasab A, Ataee MA. Determining and prioritizing man-made threats in critical infrastructures: Case study–civilian airports. Property Management. 2018 Aug 10. • Movahedinai, J. Theoretical and practical implications of passive defense. Publisher: Iranian Revolutionary Guards Islamic Revolution, the planning and authoring textbooks (2006), First Edition, Tehran, P: 655. • Modiri, M., Ahadnezhad, M., Hoseini, A. Risk management in Human made crises with passive defense approach (Case study: Tehran). , 2017; 7(27): 163-182. SomayehAzarmi - Instructor, Ph.D. Student in “Health in Emergencies and Disasters”, Faculty of Nursing, Military Nursing Department, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

8. Final Questions • What is already known about the subject? • Attacking a nuclear power plant may release large amounts of radioactive material that is emitting radiation from gamma rays, particles of beta, and neutrons. These can cause irreparable losses. Bushehr's nuclear power plant was attacked several times during the eight years of Iraq's imposed war against Iran and was a major nuclear threat to the Iranian people. • What could be added to the current knowledge by this study? • nuclear passive defense do not involve the use of weapons and include actions that can be taken to prevent financial damage to critical military and civilian facilities and human casualties, or Minimizes the amount of damage and casualties due to enemy attacks and air rocket. SomayehAzarmi - Instructor, Ph.D. Student in “Health in Emergencies and Disasters”, Faculty of Nursing, Military Nursing Department, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.