FUNDAMENTALS OF NBC RECONNAISSANCE. NBC RECON MISSIONS. M21 AREA SURVEILLANCE

2. FUNDAMENTALS OF NBC RECONNAISSANCE. • NBC RECON MISSIONS. • M21 AREA SURVEILLANCE • M21 POINT SURVEILLANCE • CAPABILITIES OF THE M93 FOX. • M93A1 FOX UPGRADES. • LIMITATIONS OF THE M93 FOX. • TASK ORGANIZATION OF FOX UNITS. • NBC IPB. • ROLE OF THE CHEMO. • MOST COMMON Q/A. • TRAINING WITH THE FOX. • LOGISTICAL CONCERNS OF FOX UNITS. • QUESTIONS, DISCUSSION & STATIC DISPLAY.

3. RETAIN FREEDOM OF MANEUVER. • -AID IN THE AVOIDANCE OF CONTAMINATION, OR QUICKEST WAY THROUGH. • ORIENT ON THE THREAT. • - IPB FOCUSED. • - FOCUSED ON THE GREATEST THREAT TO THE MANEUVER OF THE MOST CRITICAL ASSET IN A CERTAIN PHASE OF THE BATTLE. • REPORT ALL INFORMATION RAPIDLY AND ACCURATELY. • - NBCWRS ESTABLISHED AND PRACTICED. • - NBC SITREP IN SOME INSTANCES IS QUICKER AND EASIER. • - NBC 1 REPORTS ARE CRITICAL. • DEVELOP THE SITUATION RAPIDLY. • - BE PREPARED MISSION MUST BE STATED. • - COMMANDERS MUST HAVE A PLAN THEY WILL ADOPT IF CONTAMINATION IS PRESENT. • MAXIMIZE CAPABILITY OF NBC RECON UNITS. • - NEVER PUT NBC RECON UNITS IN RESERVE. • - MUST USE AS A PROACTIVE RESOURCE, NEVER AS A REACTIVE RESOURCE.

4. MISSSION TECHNIQUE METHOD ADDITIONAL TASKS UNIT NEEDED MAX MIN SEARCH AREA ZIG-ZAG SQD 1 VEH W/SEC ZONE BOX PLT SQD POINT STAR SQD 1 VEH W/SEC ROUTE LANE SQD 1 VEH W/SEC BOUNCE & BYPASS ROUTE CLASSIFICATION SQD 1 VEHW/SEC SURVEY SAME AS SEARCH SAME AS SEARCH SAME AS SEARCH PLT SQD SURVEILLANCE AREA M21 RSCAAL PLT 1 VEH W/SEC POINT (INTERSECTING M21 RSCAAL SQD SQD GRID) SAMPLING M93 OR DSMNT WATER, SOIL ETC. SQD 1 VEH W/SEC INDUS/ENVIRO AREA DSMNT, LEVEL “A”, SAMPLE SECTION SQD SEARCH POINT MM1 TEST (M93A1) SURVEY GREEN-POSSIBLE FUTURE FOX MISSION.

5. NAI C0001 FOX 1 FOX 2

6. NAI C0001 FOX 2 * USED TO DETERMINE CENTER OF MASS FOX 1

7. 320 HP MERCEDES-BENZ DIESEL ENGINE CAN REACH SPEEDS IN EXCESS OF 80 MPH. • FULLY AMPHIBIOUS, CAN SWIM 4-6 MPH WITH LITTLE PREPARATION. • (MOBILE MASS SPECTROMETER) MM1 CAN DETECT AS MANY AS 60 KNOWN CHEMICAL AGENTS AND 112 INDUSTRIAL/ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS (IF MM1 IS EQUIPPED WITH THE ENVIRO CHIP). • MM1 CAN STORE UP TO 72 SPECTRUMS • CAN MARK A LARGE AREA. • M21 (REMOTE SENSOR CHEMICAL AGENT ALARM), RSCAAL CAN DETECT “G”-AGENTS, HD AND LEWISITE UP TO 5KM AWAY AT A 60 DEGREE ARC FROM DETECTOR. • M93 IS 6 SPEED, 6 WHEEL DRIVE, VERY MANEUVERABLE. • ENGINE IS COMPLETELY ENCLOSED, THEREBY MAKING THE VEHICLE EXTREMELY QUIET. • WHEN CLOSED, BALLISTIC SHIELDS CAN PREVENT LIGHT FROM ESCAPING FROM WINDOWS ON THE FOX. • EMERGENCY TRANSMISSION ALLOWS VEHICLE TO GO IN 2ND GEAR AND REVERSE IF TRANSMISSION IS DAMAGED.

8. OVERPRESSURE SYSTEM PROTECTS CREW FROM CONTAMINATION. • AIR CONDITION SYSTEM PROTECTS CREW AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT. • EXTERNAL SAMPLE EQUIPMENT ALLOWS PHYSICAL SAMPLES TO BE COLLECTED EASILY. • CAN TRAVEL UP TO 500 MILES ON ONE TANK OF GAS. • ENGINE WITH QUICK DISCONNECTS CAN BE TRADED OUT IN AROUND 10 MINUTES. • VRC-90 ALLOWS THE VEHICLE COMMANDER TO COMMUNICATE WITH DIFFERENT UNITS ON THE BATTLEFIELD. • EPLARS RADIO SYSTEM ALLOWS VEHICLE COMMANDER TO COMMUNICATE DIGITALLY. • MOUNTED AN/VDR-2 RADIACMETER AND ASG-1 ALLOWS CREW TO DETECT RADIATION. • EQUIPPED WITH M240 MG. • CREW CARRIES THREE AT-4s, 2 M16A2s, AND TWO M9 PISTOLS.

9. MULTI-PURPOSE INTEGRATED CHEMICAL AGENT DETECTION SYSTEM) MICAD, ALLOWS THE VEHICLE COMMANDER TO COMMUNICATE WITH ALL MCS SYSTEMS ON THE BATTLEFIELD, SENDING NBC REPORTS DIGITALLY. • MICAD SYSTEM INTEGRATES ALL SYSTEMS ON THE FOX SUCH AS THE M8 ALARM, AN/VDR-2, MM1, (AUTONOMOUS NAVIGATION SYSTEM) ANAV, METEOROLOGICAL SENSOR, AND GPS. • ASG-1 IS REMOVED FROM M93A1 REPLACED FULLY BY THE MOUNTED AN/VDR-2 RADIACMETER. • THREE OF THE PLATOONS SIX FOXES ARE EQUIPPED WITH 150 FT. CABLE WINCHES CAPABLE OF SELF RECOVERY. • IMPROVED DOUBLE WHEEL SAMPLING SYSTEM. • IMPROVED EXTERIOR STOWAGE. • IMPROVED TONG. • IMPROVED NBC TAIL.

10. SKID PLATE PROTECTS NBC SAMPLE EQUIPMENT. • NEW CHROMIUM FREE FILTERS. • NEW BRAKE LINE PROTECTION. • IMPROVED A/C SYSTEM. • M21 MOUNTED ON A MAST WITH A LOW LIGHT CAMERA FOR SIGHTING. • ANAV SYSTEM. • METEOROLOGICAL SENSOR. • EXTRA MM1 PRINTER FOR ON BOARD RECORD KEEPING. • REMOTE MM1 OP2 SCREEN. • REMOTE M21 CONTROL PANEL AT THE VC AND OP2 POSITIONS.

12. M93A1 FOX M21 MAST INSIDE M93A1 VC M21 AND MICAD DISPLAY OP2 M21 DISPLAY AND REMOTE MM1 CONTROL

13. WHEELED VEHICLE, CANNOT GO EVERY PLACE A TRACK VEHICLE CAN GO. • EXTREMELY LIMITED ARMOR. .50 CAL CAN EASILY PENETRATE A FOX. • LIMITED SELF DEFENSE CAPABILITY. A M240 (7.62 CAL) IS MOUNTED AND THREE AT-4s, 2 M16s, 2 M9 AND A M203 (ONE FOR EVERY TWO FOXES) ARE CARRIED BY THE CREW INSIDE THE FOX. • APPEARANCE OF VEHICLE MIRRORS A SOVIET BLOCK BUILT BTR AND CAN LEAD TO FRATRICIDE. • VEHICLE HAS A RELATIVELY HIGH PROFILE. • SAMPLING, TESTING AND COMPUTER EQUIPMENT ARE TEMPERAMENTAL AND REQUIRE CONSTANT MAINTENANCE SUPPORT. • MANY DOOR SEALS ARE NOT VERY DURABLE AND DEADLINE A VEHICLE IF RIPPED OR DRY-ROTTED. • MANY ELECTRICAL CORDS AND A/C LINES ARE LOCATED IN COMMON USE AREAS AND BECOME SNAPPED WHEN CREW MEMBERS STEP ON THEM.

14. Armored Cavalry Regiment NBC Recon Company X 3 PL PSG

15. PL PSG Heavy Division Division S/D/R Chemical Company X 1 * Each squad is deployed as direct support to a maneuver brigade

16. Light Armored Cavalry Regiment Regiment S/D/R Chemical Company x 2 PL PSG

17. GUIDELINES TO NBC IPB • CHEMO MUST PARTICIPATE WITH THE S2 IN EVALUATING THE CAPABILITIES OF THE ENEMY’S NBC ARSENAL TO INCLUDE METHODS OF EMPLOYMENT, POSSIBLE LOCATION OF DAG AND RAG, QUANTITY AND TYPE OF AGENTS ENEMY POSSESSES. • WHEN EVALUATING THESE FACTORS, THE CHEMO AND THE S2 MUST BROADLY SELECT POSSIBLE CHEMICAL TARGETS IN THE AO. • ONCE THE TARGETS ARE SELECTED AND CORRESPOND TO HIGHER ECHELON CHEMICAL AND INTELLIGENCE SECTIONS ESTIMATES, WARGAMING BEGINS. • WE MUST ASSUME THAT THERE IS A TACTICAL INTENT TO EVERY CHEMICAL STRIKE. THIS ASSUMPTION AIDS IN THE TARGET SELECTION. • THE ENEMY WILL USE PERSISTENT CHEMICAL AGENTS TO SLOW MOVEMENT, FORCE MANEUVER ELEMENTS TO CHANGE FORMATIONS, CANALIZE OR MOVE ACROSS RESTRICTIVE TERRAIN.

18. GUIDELINES TO NBC IPB • THE ENEMY WILL USE NON-PERSISTENT AGENTS ON TROOPS TO DEGRADE THEIR COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS, FORCE A DECONTAMINATION, CAUSE CONFUSION, AND HURT SOLDIERS’ FIGHTING SPIRIT. ONCE THE WARGAMING IS COMPLETE, THE POSSIBLE TARGETS ARE WHITTLED DOWN TO THE MOST POSSIBLE CHEMICAL TARGETS. • THE CHEMO AND S2 NOW ASSIGN EACH POSSIBLE TARGET AN NAI # AND AN R & S ASSET RESPONSIBLE FOR EACH NAI. • THE CHEMO, S2 AND COMMANDER MUST DECIDE WHAT IS THE MOST CRITICAL NAI TO MANEUVER OR MISSION SUCCESS AND ASSIGN TO THE FOXES.

19. ONCE THE NAIs ARE DECIDED, THE CHEMO MUST AID THE S2 IN ASSIGNING RESPONSIBILITY TO NBC NAIs. • IN ADDITION TO ASSIGNING RESPONSIBILITY, THE CHEMO MUST ADVISE THE COMMANDER ON THE ON ORDER MISSION THAT EACH ASSET WILL TAKE; IE, IF A FOX DISCOVERS CONTAMINATION, DO YOU WANT IT TO MARK IT, FIND A BYPASS OR CONTINUE MONITORING. • A FOX IS NOT THE ONLY ASSET ON THE BATTLEFIELD THAT CAN CONDUCT NBC RECON. A SKILL LEVEL TWO AND FOUR TASK FOR 19D IS CONDUCT AND PLAN OPERATIONS IN AN NBC ENVIRONMENT. IN ADDITION, ALMOST EVERY UNIT ON THE BATTLEFIELD HAS EQUIPMENT THAT CAN DETECT, IDENTIFY AND MARK NBC CONTAMINATION. • CHEMO MUST ADVISE THE COMMANDER TO RESIST THE TEMPTATION TO ASSIGN EVERY NBC NAI TO THE FOXES AND SEND THE FOX TO CHECK OUT EVERY ARTILLERY STRIKE. ASSIGN ONLY THE CRITICAL NAIs TO THE FOX.

20. A CHEMO MUST CONSIDER THE LIMITATIONS OF THE R & S ASSET. • ONCE ASSETS ARE ASSIGNED TO NBC NAIs, THE CHEMO MUST MONITOR THE NBC NAI RECON ASSETS AND REACT QUICKLY TO REPORTS DURING THE R & S FIGHT. • THE CHEMO MUST ALSO QUICKLY SEND NBC REPORTS HIGHER AND LOWER BASED ON THE FINDINGS OF THE R & S ASSETS. • THE CHEMO MUST ALSO ENSURE THE FOXES HAVE THE NECESSARY CLASSES OF SUPPLY, ALL APPROPRIATE OVERLAYS AND ORDERS (IN A TIMELY MANNER), ADEQUATE SECURITY, AND ABOVE ALL HAVE A CLEAR, CONCISE PRIMARY AND ON ORDER OR BE PREPARED MISSION.

21. QUESTION: HOW LONG WILL IT TAKE YOU TO MARK THE CONTAMINATION? • ANSWER: A RULE OF THUMB; IT USUALLY TAKES 45 MIN TO AN HOUR FOR TWO FOXES TO MARK A 1KM BOX. • QUESTION: CAN THE M21 TELL US THE BOUNDARIES OF THE CONTAMINATION? • ANSWER: NO, ALL THE M21 CAN TELL YOU IS THE CENTER MASS OF THE CONTAMINATION. IN ADDITION, IT WILL NOT DETECT ALL CHEMICAL AGENTS. • QUESTION: DOES THE FOX HAVE ANY RECOGNITION PANELS? • ANSWER: YES, MANY FOXES THAT WERE DEPLOYED TO DESERT STORM AND TO THE INITIAL DEPLOYMENT TO BOSNIA WERE EQUIPPED WITH PANELS. THESE PANELS WERE ATTACHED TO THE TRIM VANE AND SIDE OF THE FOX. THE PROBLEM HOWEVER, IS THAT THE POSITION OF THESE PANELS LEAVE THEM SUCCEPTABLE TO BEING RIPPED OFF. ONLY A FEW OF THESE PANELS REMAIN TODAY.

22. QUESTION: DOES THE FOX HAVE ANY SPECIAL BIOLOGICAL DETECTION CAPABILITY? • ANSWER: NO, THE ONLY SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY THAT HAS A BIOLOGICAL DETECTION CAPABILITY IS THE BIDS SYSTEM. A FOX CREW CAN ONLY LOOK FOR THE SIGNS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION AND TAKE A SAMPLE. • QUESTION: WHAT IS THE SWIM CAPABILITY OF THE FOX? • ANSWER: THE FOX HAS AN INHERENT SWIM CAPABILITY WITH LITTLE PREPARATION. IT CAN SWIM 4-6 MPH IN THE WATER. THE VC HAS A CONTROL PAD THAT HE USES TO STEER THE FOX FROM UP IN THE VC HATCH. THERE ARE TWO BILGE PUMPS AND THE PROPELLERS ROTATE 360 DEGREES. • QUESTION: WHAT TYPE OF ARMAMENT DOES THE FOX HAVE? • ANSWER: STEEL, APPROXIMATELY 2 INCHES THICK. THIS MEANS THAT ANY CALIBER OVER 7.62 IS LIKELY TO PENETRATE THE FOX.

23. FIRST CAV FACTS • THE AVERAGE TIME SPENT ON NBC DURING HOME STATION NTC PREP BY MANEUVER BATTALIONS IS THREE HOURS; TYPICALLY AS PART OF A TABLE XII GUNNERY. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF VEHICLES CONTAMINATED WITH CHEMICAL AGENTS DURING AN NTC ROTATION IS 16-20. APPROXIMATELY 70 PERSONNEL ARE KILLED EACH NTC ROTATION AS A RESULT OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION. • ALMOST ALL VEHICLE CONTAMINATION AND PERSONNEL DEATHS DUE TO CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION CAN BE AVOIDED BY UTILIZING AN ESTABLISHED NBCWRS, THOROUGH, DETAILED NBC R&S PLANS, AND REPETETIVE, REALISTIC NBC TRAINING.

24. TIPS FOR NBC TRAINING • BN CHEMOS AND NBC NCOs MUST INCORPORATE INDIVIDUAL AND CREW LEVEL NBC TRAINING EVERY QUARTER AS PART OF THE BATTALION’S TRAINING CALENDAR. • NBC TRAINING CAN BE INCLUDED INTO EVERY BN TRAINING EVENT IF YOU PUSH IT. • MAKE NBC TRAINING DIFFERENT AND INTERESTING. A GOOD IDEA FROM ONE OF THE BATTALIONS IS NBC LANES WHERE CREWS COMPETE FOR A PASS, ETC.

25. TIPS FOR NBC TRAINING • NBC TRAINING MUST BE REALISTIC AND ALL ENCOMPASSING. TRAIN FROM NBC IPB TO CONTAMINATION DETECTION WITH FOXES ETC TO CASEVAC TO THE DIRTY AID STATION. UNITS ENDEX AS SOON AS THE CHEM IS FOUND WHICH IS UNSAT. • ONCE FOXES DETECT THE CONTAMINATION USE NBCWRS TO WARN UNITS DURING MOVEMENT AND MAKE FOXES MARK IT. PRACTICE THE PROCESS. • SINCE IT IS ALMOST A CERTAINTY THAT UNITS WILL RUN INTO CONTAMINATION AT NTC, UNITS MUST RUN INTO IT DURING NTC PREP TRAINING. DO NO PLOT CONTAMINATION OUTSIDE MANEUVER AREAS JUST SO YOUR BN CAN CHECK THE BLOCK FOR NBC TRAINING.

26. ISSUE: A FOX SQUAD DEPLOYED WITH A BCT WILL OFTEN BE OPCONED TO BN, AND SOMETIMES EVEN OPCONED DOWN TO THE COMPANY. THESE BATTALIONS AND COMPANIES ARE GIVEN LITTLE OR NO NOTICE OF THIS TASK ORGANIZATION AND MANY TIMES DO NOT HAVE THE EXTRA CLASS I, III, OR V FOR THE SQUAD. • SOLUTION: ALWAYS KEEP CONTROL OF THE FOX SQUAD AT THE BRIGADE LEVEL. FOXES ARE BRIGADE ASSETS AND SHOULD BE CONTROLLED BY THE BRIGADE COMMAND DIRECTLY. THE SQUAD SHOULD GET ALL ITS CLASSES OF SUPPLY FROM THE BRIGADE HQ COMPANY. SQUAD SHOULD ONLY BE OPCONNED TO A BATTALION IF MOVING THROUGH THEIR AO ON THE WAY TO THE BRIGADE’S NBC NAIs. • ISSUE: MAINTENANCE. A FOX HAS SOME VERY SPECIFIC SYSTEMS THAT MANY 63B DO NOT KNOW HOW TO WORK ON. WHEN A FOX SQUAD IS ATTACHED TO A BCT, THE BCT HQ COMPANY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE 20 LEVEL MAINTENANCE AND A FSB IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MUCH OF THE DS MAINTENANCE ON THE FOX. THERE ARE NO MECHANICS IN THE FSBs OR THE BCT HQ COMNPANIES WHO KNOW HOW TO WORK ON THE FOX. • SOLUTION: ORDNANCE SCHOOL SHOULD HAVE A LARGER BLOCK OF TRAINING ON THE FOX AT 63B AIT. THE SECOND SOLUTION IS TO ORGANIZE TRAINING HERE AT HOOD AT THE FOX UNITS FOR FSBs AND OTHER 63Bs TO LEARN THE FOX.

27. ISUE: PARTS. FOX PARTS ARE NOT CARRIED ON THE REGULAR ARMY SYSTEM AND MUST BE ORDERED THROUGH THE CIVILIAN CONTRACTOR. MANY TIMES WHILE ATTACHED TO A BCT, A DEADLINED FOX WILL HAVE TO WAIT FOR DAYS FOR A PART. • SOLUTION: A FOX SQUAD SHOULD BE AUTHORIZED DEPLOYMENT SPACE FOR A PARTS AND SUPPLY CONEX FOR ALL FOX PLL AND SPECIFIC SUPPLIES. THIS WOULD IMPROVE THE MISSION OR RATE OF THE FOXES BY REDUCING THE DAYS DOWN FOR PARTS.