Chapter 15 The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe and the Americas

1. Chapter 15 The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe and the Americas

2. Chapter 15 Sections • 15.1- Conquest of the Americas • 15.2- Spanish and Portuguese Colonies • 15.3- Struggle for North America • 15.4- Atlantic Slave Trade • 15.5- Effects of Global Contact

3. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas

4. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas First Encounters: Columbus – Discovers Tainos – Taino Indians – Lived in Villages – Generous – Gave gifts to Spanish – Accidentally offended Columbus (Christian Symbols)

5. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas • Columbus claimed Taino land for Spain • Would be followed by – Conquistadores – “Conquerors” – From Spain – Arrived to Americas – Through Hispaniola • Dominican Republic

6. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas • Conquistadores • Moved throughout North America • Seized native’s gold • Made natives pan for gold as well • Forced native’s to convert – Christianity

7. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas Conquistadores • Were outnumbered – Hundred vs. Millions Major Advantages: • Weapons & Armor – Cannons & Guns • Horses – Useful in battle, carries supplies – Made natives fearful

8. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas The Conquistadores • Greatest Advantage • “Invisible Invader”- Disease – Small pox – Influenza • Natives had no immunity • Wiped out 90 percent of population in the 1500’s

9. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas Conquistador- Hernan Cortez Traveled to Mexico Hoping to capture Wanted to succeed where others had failed Came Prepared: 600 Men 16 horses Few cannons

10. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas Conquistador- Hernan Cortez • Traveled toward the Aztec capital – Tenochtitlan • Meets Malinche- Indian Woman – She tells him: – About Aztecs – Sacrifice – Tribal Captures

11. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas Conquistador- Hernan Cortez • After learning of Aztecs society • Cortez makes alliances: – conquered tribes, who were under Aztec rule • These tribes agree to help Cortez (The enemy of my enemy is my friend) – In his fight with Aztecs

12. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas Conquistador- Hernan Cortez • The Aztec leader Moctezuma: – Receives word of Cortez arrival – Fears he may be an Aztec God • Quetzalcoatl – Monteczuma – He sends gifts, gold & silver, to appease the Spanish (Gods) – Doesn’t help – Spanish push into Empire because of greed

13. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas • Cortez- enters the city: – Greeted by Moctezuma • Tries to make changes – Religion – Take land • Fights Aztecs and Conquistadores – Aztec resisted – Other Conquistadores battled for control – Moctezuma is killed during the battle • Retreats – To plan a second attack

14. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas • Cortez’s returns – Aided in victory by disease • Small pox - Conquers city Spanish: Later rebuilt over Tenochtitlan Mexico city

15. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas Conquistador Francisco Pizarro Looked to conquer Inca Peru Capture Inca Ruler Atahualapa Demands Ransom Paid- Kills him anyway

16. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas Conquistador Francisco Pizarro • Despite resistance was able to conquer Inca – Superior weapons – Disease • Pizarro killed later – Spanish remain – Establish Lima (capital)

17. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas Effects of The Conquistadores: • Millions of Natives are captured: – Weapons – Disease • Natives used to: – Mine for silver and gold – Leads to European wealth and power

18. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas Effects of The Conquistadores: • Spanish – Siege Native Goods, Land, Resources – Mine Silver – Leads to Power and dominance –Worldwide

19. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas Effects of The Conquistadores: • Natives: – Died – Loss or Hope/ Belief – Convert – Some Revolt *Cultures Blend*

20. 15.1- Conquest in the Americas Effects of The Conquistadores • World Wide: World now connected by sea – Trading Expands •Carried: – Goods – People – Ideas

21. 15.2- Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas

22. 15.2- Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas • By the Mid 1500’s- • Spain • Controlled lands stretching from – California – South America – Divded land into provinces (Four)

23. 15.2- Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas Spain • To help them govern colonies • Spain develops a system of total control • Each colony had a set of laws – Laws set by Council of the Indies – Was governed by a “ viceroy ” – Answered to the King – Closely Monitored

24. 15.2- Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas Spain • Also pushed for Christianity – As colonies grew so did the Church (Power) • Missionaries (i.e- Jesuits) – Baptized Natives – Built Churches •Introducing language, clothing, skills (carpentry)

25. 15.2- Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas Spain • Controlled trade – Colonist exports- Spain (Only) • Silver and Gold main trade goods – Colonies could only • Import and Export with Spain Sugar- Introduced… huge profit Needed manual labor… need for labor grows

26. 15.2- Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas Spain • Forces Indians into labor • Encomienda System – “Forced Labor System” • Work or be killed – Encomienda- right to demand labor – Thousands of Natives die (replaced) – Mining silver& gold… plantation work

27. 15.2- Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas • Bartolome de Las Casas- – Spanish Priest – Spoke out against Encomienda System – Pleaded with King to stop it •Successful •New Laws of The Indies 1542* •Helped to slow enslavement of Natives (illegal)

28. 15.2- Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas New Laws of The Indies 1542* Helped to slow enslavement of Natives Made enslaving illegal (hard to enforce) Created peon system- workers become debtors Given: Tools, land, food - Could never pay off - Constant debt (like a serf)

29. 15.2- Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas Las Casas: • Suggested Africans: alternative labor to fill the void – Immune to disease – Later regretted his suggestion • Combined with sugar production to create – Boom in African Slave Trade (Millions) – Slaves outnumbered settlers – Some bought freedom – Some escaped (fled, revolt)

30. 15.2- Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas Colonial Society • New Social Structure – Blending of Cultures – Distinct to the Americas – Spanish, Native, African Mixed: cooking style, animals, farming, religion (CD)

31. Distinct Social Classes: Classes based on skin tone- light (top) to dark (bottom) • Peninsulares- Born in Spain (Peninsula) – Held high positions -First colonists • Creoles- American Born descendants of settlers – Owned land • Mestizos- Native & European descent – lower • Mulatto- African & European – lower • Natives and Africans- formed bottom of society

32. 15.2- Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas • Portuguese Colonies – (Brazil…DUH) • Much like Spanish – Minus the Gold and Silver • Used natives as workforce • Traded and harvested Brazilwood- *Where the name comes from*

33. 15.2- Spanish & Portuguese Colonies in the Americas • Spain and Portugal are challenged • Other European countries want a share – Explore – Pirates- Privateers – Privateers- Operated with the approval of government – Smuggled trade good back to Europe

34. 15.3- Struggle for North America • France and England • By 1700’s- Control much of the continent • Establish Colonies – Like NC (Duh)

35. 15.3- Struggle for North America • New France: (Canada) • Early 1500’s • French ships fished – New Foundland, Canada • Within 100 years – owned half of North America

36. 15.3- Struggle for North America New France: • French Claim Canada • Calling it New France (Original) • 1534 – Jacques Cartier – Explored Coastline – St. Lawrence River

37. 15.3- Struggle for North America New France: • Explorers attempted to convert natives – Little success • Trading, Trapping, Fishing – With help of natives – Traveled inland – From: – Quebec- Great Lakes- Down the Mississippi River to: – Louisiana to Gulf of Mexico

38. 15.3- Struggle for North America • New France: • Population: – Grew slowly- People stayed away due to – Harsh Climate* – Limited women – Many people abandoned Farming • Trapping and hunting instead (more profit) • Louis XIV- tried to strengthen revenues – Appointed officials, prohibited protestants – Sent more women – *French settlement- smaller than the 13 Colonies

39. 15.3- Struggle for North America The 13 English Colonies • 1497- John Cabot – Finds Newfoundland – Europeans also search for passage to Asia • Northwest Passage • Establish Colonies- – First- Jamestown, Virginia

40. 15.3- Struggle for North America • The 13 English Colonies • Jamestown- • Many died at first – Starvation and disease • Helped by Native Americans – Understanding the land (crops) • Advanced thanks to tobacco – Tobacco production brought wealth

41. 15.3- Struggle for North America The 13 English Colonies • 1620’s • English settlers arrive in Massachusetts – Plymouth • Settlers were Pilgrims – Escaping religious persecution – Protestants- rejected English Church – Mayflower- Ship

42. 15.3- Struggle for North America The 13 English Colonies • Plymouth • Settlers agree on and sign the Mayflower Compact – Compact- agreement among people – Step toward self government (US Constiution) • Many settlers died – Harsh life – Natives helped them survive – “Thanksgiving”

44. 15.3- Struggle for North America The 13 English Colonies • Economy • North – Fishing, ship building, timber • South – Cash crops, plantation – Imported slaves- *Often outnumbered colonists

45. 15.3- Struggle for North America The 13 English Colonies • Governing • Governed from a distance (obviously) – Governors appointed to keep control • Enjoyed a degree of freedom – Self- government • Expected to have same rights as British citizens – “freeborn Englishmen” – Lead to protests

46. 15.3- Struggle for North America • The 13 English Colonies • Massachusetts- religious haven • New Hampshire- • New York- commercial venture • Rhode Island • Connecticut • Pennsylvania- religious haven • New Jersey • Delaware • Maryland- religious haven • Virginia- commercial venture • North Carolina- gift from English King • South Carolina- gift from English King • Georgia – established as a buffer between New Spain & English Colonies

47. 15.3- Struggle for North America • Struggle for Power • Spain • France • England • Netherlands • All had colonies in North America – Competed for power and control – Expand and protect their investments

48. 15.3- Struggle for North America North American Colonies – French- Present day Canada – Spanish- Texas & Florida – English- 13 Colonies – Dutch- Small colonies on East Coast – In the Caribbean- Europeans fought and competed for profitable areas (sugar)

49. 15.3- Struggle for North America • Struggle for Power • French and Indian War • 1754-1763 • Britain vs. France • Struggle for power and land • Raged on Worldwide – Seven Years War

50. 15.3- Struggle for North America • Struggle for Power French and Indian War • France had early victories • Britain prevails in capturing Quebec – Scale walls to attack the city – Capital of New France • Ended by the Treaty of Paris