CH. 8 EOCT VOCABULARY REVIEW

1. CH. 8 EOCT VOCABULARY REVIEW

2. Communism • A system in which people in society cooperate and own property mutually, thereby making arrangements unnecessary. It is preceded by a socialist form of government

3. Restrictions on Immigration • Limits placed on who could immigrate to the US in the years following WWI. Congress passed a temporary limit to the number of immigrants who could come to the US in 1924 an d permanent bans beginning in 1929. Racist in nature, many of these laws were designed to allow more immigrants from western Europe into the country than from eastern Europe or the Far East. Many of these restrictions were fueled by fears about communisn.

4. Impact of Radio • As the first source of mass communication and entertainment available to people in their own homes, radio united the nation and mold a national culture live never before as people across the country enjoyed the same shows and heard the same news reports. It also transformed politics by giving leaders direct access to larger numbers of people.

5. JAZZ • A popular form of music after WWI that arose out of African American community as musical artists from Louisiana and Mississippi brought their talents to the northern cities. Its fast pace rhythm inspired new dances like the “Charleston” and helped create a thriving nightlife.

6. Harlem Renaissance • Artistic and literary movement that arose within the African American community during the 1920’s in which black intellectuals produce works of art and literature portraying the daily lives of working-class African-Americans.

7. Irving Berlin • Famous composer associated with Tin Pan Alley who composed over 3,000 songs during his career. Among his famous hits are the traditional Christmas favorite “White Christmas”, the patriotic theme “God Bless America”, and “There’s No Business Like Show Business” from the Broadway musical Annie Get Your Gun.

8. Buying Stocks on Margin • Practice that eventually contributed to the Great Depression in which investors purchased stocks for only a portion of what they cost. They then borrowed the difference and paid interest on the loan. Many believed that the stocks market was doing well so well that they could still make money, even while paying such interest.

9. Underconsumption • Where consumers don’t consume enough in relations to how many goods have been produced and are available.

10. Dust Bowl • A series of storms that hit hard the Midwest during the early 30’s, causing enormous clouds of dust to be created by the high winds. These black clouds would blanket farms, and even entire cities, as they destroyed areas and left them uninhabitable. The ruthless storms displaced hundreds of thousands of farmers, forcing them to become homeless migrants

11. Black Tuesday • October 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed. It is generally acknowledged as the beginning of the Great Depression

12. Soup Kitchens • Provided food for the poor during the Great Depression.

13. FDR • Elected president in 1932, he was president during much of the Great Depression. He believed that the country needed the government to provide direct relief and was willing to engage in deficit spending to help get the US economy moving in the right direction. To do this, Roosevelt introduced new legislation and a number of programs known as the New Deal

14. New Deal • Roosevelt’s domestic programs that involved government spending and were designed to give the nation relief from the Great Depression

15. First New Deal • The first wave of Roosevelt’s New Deal program introduced within the first hundred days of his inauguration.

16. Huey Long • US senator from Louisiana and critic of FDR who advocated a redistribution of wealth and a guaranteed income of 2,000 dollars per year for every US family. He also proposed legislation that would limit the income of any US citizen to 1 million dollars per year, with government taking the rest in taxes. He gathered a large following and many believed he would run for president in 1936, however, he was assassinated in 1935.

17. Court Packing Scheme • Plan put forth by Roosevelt to enlarge the size of the Supreme Court which would allow him to “pack” the Court with justices favorable to this program. When fierce opposition to the measure arose Roosevelt was forced to withdraw his request. However, his boldness in even attempting such a move helped the Court to reverse its position on a few New Deal policies

18. Wagner Act’s Impact on Unions • This Act helped organized labor by strengthening unions. It also contributed to unions becoming consistent supporters of the Democratic Party.

19. Neutrality Act • Law passed by Congress in 1935 which prohibited the sale of weapons to warring nations and was meant to keep the US from forming alliances that might drag the nation into war

20. Red Scare • Fear of communism that swept across the US following WWI.

21. Henry Ford • He was not the first to invent the automobile, but he was the first to perfect and successfully market it. From 1907 until 1926, he built half the automobiles in the world (16,750,000 cars). He also introduced and perfected the method of mass productions and introduced an innovative and more efficient assembly line.

22. Impact of Movies • The fashions and lifestyles portrayed in the movies helped define a national culture. People all over the nation wanted to wear the clothes they saw in the movies, drive the cars they saw on screen, and take part in the fads popularized by Hollywood. As a result, movie stars became national icons.

23. Langston Hughes • Influential writer of the Harlem Renaissance who wrote memorable poetry, short stories, and plays about the black experience and reminded black Americans of their African heritage.

24. Tin Pan Alley • Part of New York City that became an important center of the music industry during WWI years.

25. Buying Stocks on Speculation • High-risk investments people made in the stock market during the 1920’s in hopes of making large returns on their money. Such investments eventually contributed to the start of the Great Depression.

26. Overproduction • Producing more goods than consumers can buy, thereby causing a fall in prices

27. Droughts • Lack of rain that results in not enough water for farming.

28. Herbert Hoover • President when the Great Depression began. He was ultimately blamed for the crisis and lost the 1932 election to FDR.

29. Great Depression • Worse economic crisis in US history that led to massive unemployment and left many US citizens without jobs or money. Villages of homemade shacks set up by the homeless and unemployed during the Great Depression. They were named after the president

30. Direct Relief • When the government provides economic relief.

31. First 100 Days • First one hundred days of Roosevelt’s presidency in which he pushed many of His New Deal programs through Congress

32. Tennessee Valley Authority • Established in 1933, this built hydroelectric dams to create jobs and bring cheap electricity to parts of the South that had previously been without power. The southern Appalachians were historically one of the poorest areas in the nation. With the help of the TVA, this region prospered as never before.

33. Second New Deal • Second wave of FDR’s New Deal programs introduced towards the end of his first term as president.

34. Wagner Act • Officially known as the National Labor Relations Act, this law was passed in 1935 and created a board t o monitor unfair management practices such as firing workers who joined unions. It protected the right of workers in the private sector to organize unions, engage in collective bargaining, and go on strike. The act demonstrated a strong shift by the federal government towards supporting the interests of workers and made Roosevelt extremely popular among laborers and union leaders.

35. New Deal’s Effect on Women and Minorities • Overall, women and minorities did not benefit from this as much as white males because programs tended to show favoritism men and allowed businesses to pay women less money than male employees. They also did nothing to regulate domestic work which was still the largest female occupation during the 1930’s. As for the minorities, many of them still worked as farmers and migrant workers. As a result, their lack of government payroll records often excluded them from programs like Social Security. In addition, New Deal work programs sanctioned racial segregation. What jobs African Americans did get, however, were credited to Roosevelt and his programs. As a result, the African American community began to shift its political loyalty to the Democratic Party.

36. Eleanor Roosevelt • One of the most impactful first ladies in US History. She presented herself as a friend to common citizens and was extremely socially active. Due to her visibility , activism, and occasional willingness to take stands even the president wouldn’t, Eleanor Roosevelt revolutionized the role of first lady and became a formidable historical figure alongside her husband.