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BOSNIA&HERZEGOVINA

BOSNIA&HERZEGOVINA. Country Profile. Full Name: Bosnia & Herzegovina Population: 3,8 million(UN,2010) Regime: Federation-Federation of Bosnia &Herzegovina, Republika Srpska- Capital: Sarajevo, Bunja Luka( capital city of Republika Srpska), Mostar (capital city of Herzegovina)

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BOSNIA&HERZEGOVINA

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  1. BOSNIA&HERZEGOVINA

  2. Country Profile • Full Name: Bosnia & Herzegovina • Population: 3,8 million(UN,2010) • Regime: Federation-Federation of Bosnia &Herzegovina, Republika Srpska- • Capital: Sarajevo, Bunja Luka( capital city of Republika Srpska), Mostar (capital city of Herzegovina) • The president: The Precidency roteas every eight months between Serbs, Croats, Muslims • Major Languages: Bosnian, Croation, Serbian • Major Religious: Christianity ( Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats) and Muslim Bosnians

  3. Life Expetancy: For men 73, for women 78 ( UN Report) • MonetaryUnit:Pfenniga ( 100 Pfenniga= 1 Deutche Mark) • Main exports: Wood, Paper and metal products • Gross National Income percapita:US 4$700(World Bank, 2009) • Area: 51.129 square kilometres • 70 per cent of lands is mountains and forested • Only 13.6 per cent is arable( ekilebilir) • 44 per cent of workforce is unemployed.

  4. Who are the Bosnians? • Slavic origin • Similar language with Serbs and Croats • The largest group in Bosnia&Herzegovina • 48 percent of population: Bosniak(Muslim) • 31.1 percent of territory: Eastern Orthodox( Serbs second largest group) • 14 percent of population: Croat ( Roman Catholic)

  5. In 2000, • 40 percent of population: Muslim • 31 percent of population: Orthodox Christian • 15 Percent of population: Roman Catholic • 14 percent of population: Athaist

  6. Before First World War, Bosnians meant TURKS • With the 19.cc differentation of Bosnia • Before 19.cc: determination of identity in accordince with territorial and religious affilation. (UNDER A SINGLE ETHNIC GROUP)

  7. After the intensification of nationalism in 19th cc • Translation of religious groups as ethnich affilations: • Catholic must be Croat • Orthodox must be Serb • Muslim must be Bosniak(later)

  8. OTTOMAN CONQUEST AND ISLAMIZATION OF BOSNIA (1378-1528) • Gradual, non-coercive, incomplete • Two judgements about islamization of Bosnia • Bosnians accepted Islam to get rich ( Ottoman tax system) 2. Similarities between Bogomilism (“Heretic” Christianity) and Islam. Also, pressure of Catholich Church

  9. BOSNIA&HERZEGOVINA UNDER THE HAUBSBURG OCCUPATION (1878-1918) • In 1878 ( Berlin Treaty) Serbia, Montenegro Independent. • Bulgaria autonomous • Bosnia&Herzegovina under the occupation of Austria Empire untill the end of First World War. • Under the Austria-Hungary Empire, Struggle between Croats and Serbs. • For Greater Serbia • For Greater Croatia

  10. 1882-1903: Suporting of Bosnian nationalism by the Austria Empire to balance Croat and Serb nationalism

  11. BOSNIA&HERZEGOVINA IN THE FIRST YUGOSLAVIA (1918-1941) • Aim of Serbia: Unification of south Slavs • In 1918, unification of Serbia, Montenegro, Slavic States of Austria-Hungary Empire • Under the Karayorgiyeviç Family with the Corfu Pact: Kingdom of Serb-Croat-Slovenian • Annexation of Bosnia&Herzegovina

  12. Based on equality of Serbs-Croation-Slovenian • Ambition of Serbs to be hehemon on all Kingdom • Starting of struggle between Craots and Serbs • In 1929 under the leadership of King Karayoryevic: establishment of Kingdom of Yugoslavia to prevent nationalist movements • During this period, Bosnians were seen as inheritor of Ottoman • On 20 August: decleration of independent Croatia • Half of Bosnians’ territory came under the hegemony of autonomaus Croatia

  13. TERM OF SECOND YUGOSLAVIAUnder the Communist Federation 1945-90 • Joining to facist Axis( by force) • Military coup in Yugoslavia against Facist Germany • Occupation of Yugoslavia by Germany on 17 April 1942 • Independence of Croatia by the help of Germany • During this period, occupation of Bosnia&Herzegovina by Facist Croations “Ustaša”

  14. Resisting of Serbs against Facist Germany under the leadership of Tito (Partisan Power) • On 7 March 1945 declaration of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia • This new state consisted of six republic and two autonomous structures(Voyvodina, Kosova) • SERBIA • MONTENEGRO • CROATIA • SLOVENIA • BOSNIA&HERZEGOVINA • MACEDONIA

  15. During this period, main aim of Tito: creation of ahomogenous state • Untill 1960, inreasing of pressure on Bosnians • İmigration of Bosnians to Turkey • On April 1963, new Yugoslavia Constitution • Name of state: Socialists Federal Repuplic of Yugoslavia • Declining of pressure on Bosnia • 1974 Constitution: Recognation of Bosnians as a founder of Yugoslavia

  16. DISSOLUTION OF YUGOSLAVIA • Nationalist movements • Economic problems • Death of Tito as a unifying factor • 1990 elections and nationalist expressions during elecetion process

  17. RESULTS OF 1990 ELECTIONS • First Party: Party of Democratic Action -Bosniak Party, SDS- : 86 Seats • Second Party: Serbian Democratic Party, SDS: 71 Seats • Third Party: Croation Democratic Party, HDZ: 45 Seats • After elections, surfacing of split in opinion • Serbia-Montenegro: Federal Republic • Croatia-Slovenia-Bosnia&Herzegovina(later): Confederative Structure • Coalition Government

  18. President of Republic: Alija Izzetbegovic from Bosniaks party • No consensus on policy determination • Unfunctional parliament • On 25 june1991: independence of Croatia and Slovenia • Attacks of Yugoslav Army(JNA) to Slovenia and Croatia • September 1991 independence of Macedonia • On 3 March 1992 independence of Bosnia&Herzrgovina as a result of 1992 referendum • Recognation of Bosnia&Herzegovina by EC and US • Membership of UN on 20 Mai 1992 • As a reaction: establishment of Republika Srpska in Bosnia&Herzegovina

  19. THE BOSNIAN CONFLICT • New Federal Yugoslavia: Montenegro&Serbia( Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) • After independence of Bosnia, domestic unrest in the state • Bosnian Serbs: Greater Serbia with neigbour Serbia • Bosnian Croations: Greater Croatia with neigbour Croatia • Bosnian Serbs were armed by Yugoslav Army • Civil war between armless Bosniaks-Croats and armed Bosnian Serbs • In a short time, occupation of Bosnia&Herzegovina by Bosnian Serbs

  20. PEACE NEGOTIATIONS • LizbonNegotiatıons and London Conferance • January-March 1992 by EU • Division of Bosnia into three main cantons in accordence with ethnic origins ( Croats, Serbs, Muslim) • Rejected by Croats • İmportance of Lizbon negotiationsand London conferance: Recognation of territorial integrity of Bosnia

  21. 2.Vance-Owen Plan • Division of Bosnia into ten states • 43 percen of territory: Bosnian Serbs • 31 percent of Territory: Bosnian Muslims • 26 percent of territory: Bosnian Croations • Rejected by Serbs

  22. 3. Oven-Stoltenberg plan • 52 percent of territory: Bosnian Serbs • 30 percent of territory: Bosniaks • 18 percent of territory: Croatia 4. Save zones Plan • Increasing of bloody attacks on Bosnian Muslims • Establishment of Contact Group to Coordinate mediation • Declaration of Srebrenisca, Sarajevo, Bihac, Gorazde, Tuzla, Zepo as safe zone • On 4 June 1993, UNSC approved the sending of troops to the six areas.

  23. NATO INTERVENTION • In 1995, top level f bloody attacks • NATO’s intervention on 10 April 1994 • Occupation of Gorazde on 17 April by under the leadership of Karadzic “as a safe zone” • Occupation of Bihac “ safe zone” NATO’s GREAT SUCCESS!

  24. THE SREBRENISCA MASSACRE JULLY 1995 • Attack on Srebrenisca under the leadership of Ratko Miladic • Collecetion of Muslim’s Weapons by UN Peace Force for the security reason • 8.300 people were killed • Most of people are still lost • UN’s Peace Force(UNPROFOR) failed to prevent the genoside in Bosnia

  25. DAYTON ACORDS 21 NOWEMBER 1995 • Representatives: Izzetbegovic(Bosniaks), Milosovic(Serbs), Tudjman( Croats) • Aticles of Dayton Peace • Bosnia&Herzegovina was to be preserved as a single state within its present borders and within international recognation. • The name of the country was to be changed from the Republic of Bosnia&Herzegovina to Bosnia&Herzegovina. • The capital city Sarajevo was to be reunited under federal authority, albeit divided into ten semi-autonomous distincts • Bosnia&Herzegovinawas to be divided into two seperate and largely autonomous territoritorial entities:51percent of yhe territory was assigned to the Federation of Bosnia&Herzegovina whose populations are Bosniaks and Croat, 49 Percent of the territory was allocated to Republika Srpska

  26. Within the FBIH, Dayton accord gave 27 percent of territory to Bosniaks and 24 percent of territory to the Croats. • There was to be an effective all-Bosnia Central Government, including a parliament , a three members presidency, a constutional Court and a single central bank. • Refugees were to be allowed and encoureged to return to their old homes. • Individuals charged with(suç isnat etmek) war crimes were to be banned from participation in political and military life. • A land corridor woul link Sarejevo and Gorazde

  27. Dayton’s Bosnia

  28. THE HUMAN COST OF THE BOSNIAN CONFLICT 1992-95 • MORE THAN 200.000 dead (17.000 CHILDREN) • MORE THAN 400.000 injured • MORE THAN 2 million homeless people

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