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Open-Access Scholarly Publishing

Open-Access Scholarly Publishing. Malcolm Getz Vanderbilt University June 1, 2004. Two Questions. Can open-access scholarship succeed? Should open-access scholarship succeed? The goals are to lower costs and increase access. Four Topics. Three Fundamental Ideas

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Open-Access Scholarly Publishing

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  1. Open-Access Scholarly Publishing • Malcolm Getz • Vanderbilt University • June 1, 2004

  2. Two Questions • Can open-access scholarship succeed? • Should open-access scholarship succeed? • The goals are to lower costs and increase access.

  3. Four Topics • Three Fundamental Ideas • Transition from Paper to Digital • Market Forces • Strategies

  4. Three Fundamental Ideas • Substitutes versus Complements • Recipient versus Sender Payment • Packaging and Bundling

  5. From Paper to Digital • Cost to Universities in 2002 • Library subscription fees, average $5,370,000 • Library processing and storage, perhaps $1,110,000

  6. Annual Cost in $000s for a Research Library, 2002 Of 21,000 serials titles, let 10,000 be refereed academic journals. Following Bergstrom, put first copy costs at $1,840th, distribution at $320th, and accounting at $240th. Let 2,400 of the journals be high-priced commercial titles. Put profit at $1,290th. A Research Library’s Expenditures on Serials

  7. Annual Cost in $000s for a Research Library Publication Plus Library Costs Add $37 per serial title for library processing. Put the present value of perpetual storage of the current year of each serial at $15.

  8. Compare print to digital • Replace print subscriptions with digital subscriptions. • Digital subscriptions that replace print subscriptions lower the publishers’ distribution costs by $300,000. • Digital subscriptions lower library storage costs by $150,000.

  9. Item Print Digital difference First Copy $1,840 $1,840 $0 Distribution 320 20 $300 Accounting 240 240 0 Profit 1,290 1,290 0 Other Serials 1,680 1,680 0 Lib Processing 790 790 0 Lib Storage 320 170 150 Total $6,480 $6,030 $450 Annual Cost in $000s for a Research Library Print to Digital

  10. Digital Subscription to Open-Access • Lower accounting costs because transactions are with authors rather than with readers. • Lower library processing cost with universal free access on the Internet. Open-access means that authors pay page charges to journals that are available without charge on the Internet.

  11. Annual Cost in $000s for a Research Library Digital to Open-access

  12. Profit to Non-Profit • Organize the open-access publications exclusively through non-profit publishers. • Eliminate excess profit of high-priced commercial academic journals.

  13. Item Print Digital Open NonProfit First Copy $1,840 $1,840 $1,840 $1,840 Distribution 320 20 20 20 Accounting 240 240 12 12 Profit 1,290 1,290 1,290 0 Other Serials 1,680 1,680 1,680 1,680 Lib Processing 790 780 420 420 Lib Storage 320 170 170 170 Total $6,480 $6,030 $5,432 $4,142 Annual Cost in $000s for a Research Library Open-access to Non-profit

  14. Potential Cost Savings Annual Savings in $000s per Research Library • Significant savings are possible by replacing print with digital, moving to open-access, and moving to non-profit organization. • None of these savings is automatic.

  15. Citation Rates • Open-access will allow anyone on the Internet to search full-text databases and retrieve page images for any purpose without charge. • Use of Medline increased seven fold after it became open-access. Some 30 percent of use is by people who are not health care providers. • With more adults having BAs and more, use of scholarship might increase.

  16. Market Forces • With large scale, publishers achieve market power, the ability to charge by ability-to-pay rather than cost. • Elsevier’s Market Intelligence Manager looks for ways for libraries to lower operating costs so as to pay Elsevier more. • Open-access could be offered by commercial publishers.

  17. Amount of Publication Fee • American Economic Review $13,000 per article • Bergstrom estimate of average $1,820 per article • Public Library of Science $1,500 per article The publication fees needed to support high-quality editing are substantial.

  18. Strategies • Assure quality of editing of open-access journals. • Tie size of publication fee to citation rate. • Limit publication fees to not-for-profit publishers. • Grow open access journals as ancillaries to indices.

  19. Two Conclusions • Can open-access scholarship succeed? • Yes. Innovators can gain advantages. • Should open-access scholarship succeed? • Yes. It should offer wider access at lower cost.

  20. Open-Access Scholarly Publishing Malcolm.Getz@Vanderbilt.Edu

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