Turmoil & Transition: Interwar Period 1917-1939

1. The Interwar Period 1917-1939

2. Interwar Period • 1917-1939 • The Years between WWI and WWII • Characterized by political, and economic instability  rise of dictators

3. Europe in the Interwar Period • Communism in the USSR • Fascism in Italy • Nazism in Germany

4. Communism in the USSR • Bolshevik Revolution: November 1917  new gov’t • Lenin signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ends Russian involvement in WWI • Lenin introduces New Economic Policy: Blends Communism with limited Capitalism • Lenin dies, Stalin Rules as Dictator

5. Stalin’s Five Year Plans • Introduces Five Years Plans to industrialize Russian economy and increase agricultural output • Industrialization increases • Collectivization leads to protests, famine and widespread deaths (4 -6 million died)

6. Stalin’s Totalitarian Methods • Campaign of Terror: The Great Purge • Propaganda: Socialist Realism Secret Police • Censorship • Closes Churches and replaces w/ Communist ideology

7. Fascism in Italy • Right-wing radicalism: anti-Communist, anti-capitalist, anti-democratic. Hyper nationalism • Mussolini uses political and social upheaval to gain control • Great Depression  dictatorial characteristics: secret police, censorship, state control of press, etc.

8. Nazism in Germany • Nazi and German Communist Party undermine Weimar Republic • Enabling Act (March 1933) gives Hitler total control • Hitler rules as dictator: bans all other political parties, controls press, censorship, secret police, massive public works projects, Nuremberg Laws (1935)

9. Nationalism and Modernization in the Middle East • Turkey • Persia • Egypt, North Africa, and Arabia

10. Turkey Modernizes • Mustafa Kemal Ataturk creates Turkish Republic (1923) • Rules as dictator, acts like democratic ruler • Modernizes Turkey: western industry, dress, education, roman alphabet, separates church and state

11. Persia • Controlled by Russia (North) and Britain (South) prior to WWI • Qajar rulers had little real power • 1921 Reza Khan leads mutiny against Qajar Dynasty and expels British • 1925 takes name Reza Shah Palovi, new dynasty; renames Persia Iran • Westernization and rule similar to Turkey

12. Egypt, North Africa, and Arabia • Remain under control of British, French, and Italians sue to gain League of Nations “Mandates” • Blatant snub by Allied Powers • Nationalist movements gain momentum • Balfour Declaration of 1917 creates Israel, becomes a symbol for Arab Unity

13. Militarism and Revolution in Asia • China • Japan • India

14. China in the Interwar Period • Yuan Shikai forces Sun Yat-Sen out of the presidency; forms a military dictatorship that governs Beijing through the 1920s • Conflict between conservatives and intellectuals who desire greater democratic freedoms

15. Mao Zedong forms Communist Party and works with Nationalists • Sun Yat-Sen dies. New Nationalist leader Chaing Kai-Shek declares war on Communists • Mao and followers flee into mountains: The Long March • In mountains Mao rebuilds Communist party

16. Military takes over Japan • At end of WWI, Japan growing into a strong democracy • Great Depression destroys economy • Japan looks to China for wealth and begins conquest • Rape of Nanjing is one of the worst atrocities in the pre-WWI world

17. India in the Interwar Period • Gandhi and Nehru work for Indian independence • Gov’t of India Act of 1921: 5 million Indians to vote for parliament • Salt March: Gandhi leads 50,000 people to protest against British salt tax • 1937 Quit India Campaign: to convince Britain to give up total control of India

18. Dictatorship in Latin America • US’s role in Latin America • Mexico • Brazil • Argentina

19. Economy helps Latin American Dictators Gain Power • Major economic control • Good Neighbor Policy: Goal to pull US troops out of Latin America and ease tension • Great Depression destroys most Latin American economies • Dictators come to power in Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil

20. The Road to War Early Axis Victories (1939-1942) Allied push leads to Victory The Holocaust and other War Crimes Creation of the United Nations World War II

21. The Road to War! • Aggressive actions by Italy, Germany, and Japan show the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations • League of Nations attempts appeasement to prevent war • Hitler’s invasion of Poland  Britain and France declare war on Germany

22. The Axis Triumphs(1939-1941) • Italy and Germany win many key battles • 1941Lithuania, Albania, Bosnia, Yugoslavia, Luxembourg, Belgium, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Finland, and FRANCE fall to the Axis • The Battle of Britain shows Britain will not be easily defeated • Germany begins Operation Barbarosa

23. The Turning Points of the War • Pearl Harbor brings US into WWII • Allied Victories weaken Axis offensive in: • Midway • El Alamein • Stalingrad • D-Day June 1944 leads to V-E Day • US Drops A-bombs on Japan forcing V-J Day in 1945

24. D-DAY

29. V-E DAY

31. Hiroshima and Nagasaki

36. Holocaust and Atrocities • Japanese War Crimes • Nazi • War Crimes Trials • Creation of United Nations

37. Japanese War Crimes • Rape of Nanjing 1937: Hundreds of thousands butchered, raped and mutilated as Japan takes Nanjing • Bataan Death March • Prisoners of War tortured and used as test subjects

38. Nazi War Crimes • Nuremberg Laws strip away basic rights from Germany’s Jewish population • Ghettoization • 12 Million killed • 6 Million Jews • 6 Million non-Jews: Rom, Slavs, Homosexuals, Physically and Mentally Handicapped, Political Dissidents

42. War Crime Trials • Leaders of the Japanese and Nazis were put on trail in international tribunals in Nuremberg, Germany and Tokyo, Japan • Many important rulings made • Soldiers “following orders” are responsible for atrocities they commit • Commanders are responsible for their subordinates • Manufacturers of Zyklon-B and death camp owners responsible for murders

43. United Nations Established • Keep Peace • Protect Human Rights • Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by General Assembly