ASSESSMENT OF THE COURSE

1. ASSESSMENT OF THE COURSE • a) EXAM SECTION I = UNITS 1-5 : 25 points = 22nd OCT • b) EXAM SECTION II= UNITS 6-10: 35 points = 19th DEC • Multiple choice • Correct the mistakes • Translation • Reading comprehension • Composition • c) ESSAYS + extra pract sessions: 20 points • d) ORAL SECTION: 20 points: Interaction + Active participation ATTENDANCE and COMPLETION of at least 5 practical sessions

2. SECTION II (Units 6-10) TOPIC: ENERGY & THE ENVIRONMENT ORAL PRACTICE and INTEGRATED GRAMMAR THROUGH TRANSLATION • UNIT 6: ELECTRICITY (Prepositions INSTRUCTIONS) • UNIT 7: POWER PLANTS (ACTIVE vs PASSIVE) • UNIT 8: ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES(Conditional / OPINION) • UNIT 9: POLLUTION (GRAPHS & DEGREE) • UNIT 10 WASTE & RECYCLING (SEQUENCE) EXAM SECTION II = 35 points 19th DECEMBER + VIDEO test (pract sess 8)

3. UNIT 6ELECTRICITY Vocabulary • Ways of generating electricity • Magnetism & Electromagnetism • Generators and transformers Grammar & Functions • Revision of connectors • Prepositions • Instructions: purpose and method • Integrated practice of grammar and functions

4. LISTENING: electricity • SOME CHARGED SUBATOMIC PARTICLES • WHEN THEY START MOVING FROM ATOM TO ATOM • OF WHICH ALL MATTER IS COMPOSED. • CONTAINING PROTONS AND NEUTRONS, • AROUND WHICH ELECTRONS ORBIT; • ARE MORE EASILY DRAWN AWAY • CREATE AN ELECTRIC CURRENT • AN ELECTRON IS NEGATIVELY CHARGED • NEUTRONS HAVE NO ELECTRICAL CHARGES • AS THERE ARE AS MANY PROTONS AS ELECTRONS IN ONE ATOM. • DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER DEPENDING ON THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS that they contain. • IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT THE NUCLEUS IS THE SMALLEST PART OF AN ATOM, • ON THE OTHER HAND, weighs only about 1/1800 (one eighteen hundredth) OF THE WEIGHT OF A PROTON OR NEUTRON • A DIFFERENCE IN POTENTIAL BETWEEN TWO POINTS must be created. • Electric sources SUCH AS BATTERIES, CELLS, GENERATORS, etc • INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

5. CONNECTORS • WHEREAS/WHILE • INSTEAD OF • DUE TO THE FACT THAT / SINCE • THUS /THEREFORE • DUE TO • IN SPITE OF / DESPITE • SINCE / DUE TO THE FACT THAT • ALTHOUGH • UNLIKE • WHICH • AS • DUE TO • THUS • ALTHOUGH ... THUS (THEREFORE).... INSTEAD • THAT

6. NOUNS • ADDition • DIRECTion • STRONG/strength • DEVELOPment • ABLE/ability • ATTRACTion • SCIENCE/scientist • GENERATE/or-tion • MAGNETism • REPEL/repulsion • DISCOVERy • TRANSFORMer/ation

7. ELECTROMAGNETShttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjfEiEwpuT8 • 1-A piece of metal with two ends: North and South • 2- A permanent magnet • 3- Disadvantages • 4- An electromagnet is the same as a permanent magnet • 5- We get the N & S poles by passing a current around a wire wrapped around a coil (e.g. cardboard) • 6- I get a North at one end and a South at the other as the current travels through it • 7- I get no magnet • 8- Because the electricity creates the magnetism • 9 a)There is no metal in it (except the metal in the wire carrying the current) • 9b)If I put in the center some iron it will make it much stronger (10-20 times stronger) • 9c) A soft iron core (soft= easy to magnetize) =the coil will magnetize and demagnetize easily • 10-I can switch it on and off = to pick up a piece of metal and then drop it

8. PREPOSITIONS • … when brought NEAR a magnet • … attracted BY a magnet are capable OF becoming magnetized • The poles are located ATthe ends of the bar magnet. • A Simple Generator consistsOF a U-shaped magnet and a single loop of wire • …takes its form AS a result OF intermolecular forces BETWEEN individual molecules IN matter • The protons are basically trapped INSIDE the nucleus … Therefore, it is moving electrons….responsible FOR electricity. • Electromagnetism can be used to levitate a train ABOVEthe track • WITHOUT electricity our lives would have come to a halt. • …emanate FROM the north …, pass THROUGH surrounding …. … travel INSIDE the magnet from the south pole TO the north pole • Originally … were thought of AS two separate forces. • … flowing THROUGH a wire …magnetic field AROUND the wire, its direction depending ON that OF the current. • Some …technologies result IN the creation of solid waste • A generator ..... energy INTO electrical energy. The process is based ON the relationship BETWEEN magnetism and electricity • Whereas a synchronous motor's rotor turns AT the same rate AS the stator field, an induction motor's rotor rotates AT a slower speed than the stator field.

9. PREPOSITIONS Let´s have a look AT one of Faraday´s experiments, IN which he used a copper wheel and a horseshoe magnet. The wheel was located BETWEEN the poles OF the magnet. Electrical contacts were applied TO the wheel, both AT the centre and AT the edge of it. These parts were connected TO an ammeter BY means of wires IN order to detect the electrical current. Whenever the wheel rotated BETWEEN the ends of the magnet, an electrical current was shown ON / IN the ammeter´s display. When the wheel was made to turn IN the opposite direction, the needle OF the ammeter was deflected IN the opposite direction, too. Therefore, according TO this experiment, the direction of the current depended ON the turning of the wheel placed close TO a magnetic field.

10. VIDEO : MAGNETIC CIRCUITS (p77) • This is the well known display of THE MAGNETIC FIELDof a permanent magnet displayed BY the DISTRIBUTION of iron filings. • The whole of this programme is ABOUT displaying MAGNETIC FIELDS in one way or another. • Of course the trouble with magnetic fields is that you cannot actually see them. So, what I'll try to do in this programme is to DEMONSTRATE them to you and to show THAT THEY CAN BE SHAPED AND CONTROLLEDBY showing their effects RATHER THAN the fields themselves.

11. VIDEO : MAGNETIC CIRCUITS (p77) • This particular display of THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF A PERMANENT MAGNET shows the field very clearly … • …because the iron filings distribute themselves ALONG THE DIRECTIONS OF THE LINES OF FORCE, • …if that's the NORTH POLE and that's the South pole, the LINES OF FORCE RUN FROM THE N POLE TO THE S POLE • … and the iron filings distribute themselves ALONG these lines pointing TOWARDS the pole pieces of the magnet. So in that particular instance the field is very clearly demonstrated.

12. VIDEO : MAGNETIC CIRCUITS (p77) • I can represent this with a diagram. HERE THERE IS A DIAGRAM OF A PERMANENT MAGNET, N ATone end and S. AT the other, • …and the lines of force are running FROM THE N POLE TO THE S POLE, roughly along the same pattern as you saw in the iron filings demonstration. • So, this is A SIMPLE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION of the kind of thing that happens with a permanent magnet.

13. VIDEO : MAGNETIC CIRCUITS (p77-78) • Now, let's put two permanent magnets side BY side. THIS IS THE DISTRIBUTION OF LINES OF FORCE THAT you get. They're squeezed together BETWEEN these two magnets, when the N is NEXT TO N, and S. is NEXT TO S. What does this actually mean IN PRACTICE? • I can show this with some actual permanent magnets that I have here, THEY ARE PERMANENT MAGNETS MADE OF STEEL with N pole marked at each end so that this resembles the diagram you just looked at. So if I push the two together quite clearly ONE IS REPELLING THE OTHER; if I press the two together side by side, it is firmly pushed away. So, THERE IS A FORCE OF REPULSION HERE. Let's go back to the diagram to see how we might explain it. • You see here the lines are apparently compressed and they actually behave very much as though they are ELASTIC AND COMPRESSIBLE so when lines of force get compressed like that they do represent A FORCE OF REPULSION shown here by these white arrows.

14. VIDEO : MAGNETIC CIRCUITS (p78) • If I TURN THE MAGNETS ROUND so that N is now FACING S I'm sure you are very familiar with the fact they attract ONE ANOTHER like this. This again can be shown ON the diagram. Here the LINES OF FORCE now running FROM N TO S are pulling the magnets together, there's A FORCE OF ATTRACTIONAS again shown by the arrows. • The first main point I want to get over is that actually THESE FIELDS CAN BE QUITE EASILY SHAPED BY USING PIECES OF IRON to do this. • Here I've got some pieces of iron. They ARE NOT MAGNETIC at all, they DON'T ATTRACT EACH OTHER, but if I put them along side these magnets like this, ALONG one side so the two magnets face again, the two N poles REPELLING, the two N poles OPPOSITE each other, so they should repel EACH OTHER, what do you think will happen? • Let's see. NOTHING AT ALL. The FORCE OF REPULSION has been almost completely removed. So, what happened is that the MAGNETIC FIELD that was filling the gap BETWEEN the magnets has been shunted away down the iron; IRON IS A VERY MUCH MORE ATTRACTIVE route for magnetic fields than does air; so it's been shunted away and THE FORCE OF REPULSION IS REMOVED.

15. VIDEO : MAGNETIC CIRCUITS (p78) • Here you see the magnetic lines which were in the gap BETWEEN them as they are still OUTSIDE the gap but now the lines have been shunted THROUGH the iron represented BY this light grey area, shunted through there, LINES AGAIN RUNNING FROM N TO S, in both magnets and the gap between them, you see, has no lines of force left, SO THERE IS NO FORCE OF REPULSION LEFT either. • Now I can demonstrate this effect rather more dramatically with a different pair of magnets. Here I have a ferrite magnet. IT IS A MEGNETIC MATERIAL, ceramic in nature and CAN BE MAGNETIZED quite strongly. Here you see there are two rings, one ABOVE the other, the upper one is being supported BY THE MAGNETIC FORCE exerted BY the lower one. All the magnetic forces interreact to be more exact. This kind of levitation of a body DUE TO magnetic field will be demonstrated in the next TV programme where the method is used to levitate a train ABOVE the track. • But I can show you how the field can be shunted away FROM these two by taking these pieces of iron again and slipping them between the magnets. As I put them in, THE MAGNETIC FIELD IS GRADUALLY REMOVED until there isn't any left and the upper magnet sinks DOWN onto the lower one, and THERE IS NO FORCE OF REPULSION left; removing these pieces of iron restores the levitation of the ring magnet.

16. TRANSLATION • Some SCIENTISTS (WHO WERE) WORKINGON ELECTROMAGNETISM • could BE STRENGTHENED BY SENDING A CURRENT THROUGH A COIL • A GREATER/HIGHER NUMBER OF TURNS IN THE COIL • AS IT ALSO DOES • AROUND a piece of iron • SINCE/AS THE IRON BECOMES MAGNETIZED • DISCOVERY that A MAGNETIC FIELD COULD BE CREATED BY AN ELECTRIC CURRENT • AN EMF (ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE) IS CREATED • THIS MAKES/CAUSES A CURRENT OF ELECTRONS Ø/TO FLOW THROUGH THE WIRE • for GENERATING • LINES OF FORCE • THE FASTER THE WIRE IS MADE TO TURN, THE GREATER

17. TRANSLATION • ...placedBETWEEN ITS N &S poles • AS THE ROTOR TURNS • the wires in it CUT THE LINES OF FORCE • The rotor IS DRIVEN BY A TURBINE • produced BY BURNING COAL OR OIL • Transforers ARE ALSO BASED ON ELECTROMAGNETISM, • They consist OF two COILS of wire WOUND around pieces of iron • An ALTERNATING CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE PRIMARY • MORE TURNS THAN THE SECONDARY • the secondary voltage INCREASES/GOES UP/RISES.

18. INSTRUCTIONS • The instruction itself (IMPERATIVE or SHOULD) • The result (PURPOSE) (What for?) • The way of carrying out the instructions (METHOD) (How?)

19. PURPOSE (WHAT FOR?) • TO (NOT TO) • SO AS TO (SO AS NOT TO) + INFINITIVEpara+inf • IN ORDER TO (IN ORDER NOT TO) • FOR THE PURPOSE OF • WITH THE AIM OF + GERUND • WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF • SO THAT + SENTENCE para que

20. METHOD (HOW?) • BY + VB -ING gerundio • BY por, por medio de, mediante,… • BY MEANS OF • WITH + NOUN • WITH THE HELP/ASSISTANCE OF

21. LISTENING • THERMAL, LUMINOUS, CHEMICAL, MAGNETIC • IT MAY HEAT THE CONDUCTOR • ELECTRIC MOTORS AND GENERATORS • NO. EG. DOMESTIC APPLIANCES (ELECTRIC COOKERS) AND MANY INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES • LIGHT • THE CONDUCTOR BECOMES INCANDESCENT • THE FILAMENT OF A LIGHT BULB • WHEN A CURRENT IONIZES A GAS • GREENISH-BLUE LIGHT

22. LISTENING • AN ELECTRIC CURRENT CAN SEPARATE A CHEMICAL COMPOUND INTO ITS COMPONENTS • BY ELECTROLYSIS OF SALT WATER • TO BREAK DOWN WATER INTO HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN • SULPHURIC ACID BECAUSE PURE WATER DOES NOT CONDUCT WELL • A MAGNETIC FIELD AROUND IT • 1-MAGNETIZE MAGNETIC MATERIALS AND ATTRACT THEM TO THE CONDUCTOR (e.g. = RELAYS) • 2- IF THE MAGNETIC FIELD IS CUT BY ANOTHER CONDUCTOR, AN ElectroMotiveForce WILL BE INDUCED IN THAT CONDUCTOR (e.g.= TRANSFORMERS AND GENERATORS) • 3-IF A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IS PLACED IN THE MAGNETIC FIELD, A FORCE WILL BE EXERTED ON IT (e.g.= MOTORS)