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User-centred Accessibility as Re-configurability for Location-based Information Systems

This article explores the importance of user-centred accessibility and re-configurability in location-based information systems. It discusses the challenges faced by users with disabilities and the need for consistent interfaces and structured information. The article also highlights the objectives and specifications for making resources accessible and the control and display elements in personal needs and preferences.

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User-centred Accessibility as Re-configurability for Location-based Information Systems

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  1. User-centred Accessibility as Re-configurability for Location-based Information Systems Liddy Nevile, La Trobe University Sunrise Research Laboratory Martin Ford, Martin Ford Consultancy Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  2. Accessibility “the matching of people’s information and service needs with their needs and preferences in terms of intellectual and sensory engagement with that information or service, and control of it” Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  3. Location-specific problems “Problems associated with accessibility that are caused by changes in location” • Macro and micro changes in location Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  4. Location specific vs independent Eg to find the nearest ATM • Location specific information • Location independent instructions Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  5. Location problems • Identifying location with precision • In 3 D space • in moving spaces, eg a train • Absolute vs relative locations • Dependence vs independence Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  6. Location of language • Usually changes with location • User needs independent of change of location Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  7. Accessibility in all contexts Accessibility is worked on as a device, location, context, ability independent requirement for all content and services, across borders. Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  8. Two complementary approaches • W3C develops requirements and techniques for making every resource independently accessible • IMS/DC… extend this to distributed resources being made accessible for delivery Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  9. Two complementary approaches • W3C and universal accessibility • ie just-in-case accessibility • IMS/DC and universal user-centred accessibility • Ie just-in-time accessibility • W3C - all accessibility in one resource • IMS/DC - accessibility distributed Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  10. Critical Users’ Problems • Users with disabilities have restricted interface choices and flexibility • Each person with a disability is potentially a unique external system • Users must respond to a huge array of interfaces, which change frequently • Essential that personal access systems can find information in a consistent place, stated using a consistent vocabulary, structured in a consistent way Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  11. Typical Resource Problems • Usually composite • Often need equivalents • Equivalents often distributed • Sometimes need to create equivalents • Not known at time of creation of original Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  12. Objectives for Specifications • Address legislative and regulatory requirements • Do not compromise the experience of the majority • Do not unduly burden publisher • Facilitate cumulative and collaborative authoring • Respect unique individual requirements (user-centric) Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  13. Broad Input • IMS, DC, IEEE, CEN-ISSS, ISO, …. • Broad stakeholder input and review • Industry Association endorsement (ATIA) • Several implementers Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  14. Personal Needs and Preferences • How do I want/need things displayed? • How do I want/need to control things? • What content alternatives, equivalents or helpful tools do I want/need? • In what contexts? Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  15. PNP Generic and Special Elements • Generic: a set of settings common to most alternative access systems within the category • Special: settings specific to certain technologies within the category Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  16. PNP: Control Elements • Keyboard enhanced: keyboard enhancements such as sticky keys, slow keys, etc. • Alternative keyboard: settings for enlarged keyboards, miniature keyboards, or keyboards with alternative control methods • On-screen keyboard: settings forkeyboards displayed on the screen, controlled using pointers or discrete switches. Access methods include scanning and coded input. • Alternative pointing: Settings for alternative pointing systems e.g. head-pointers, trackballs, joysticks. Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  17. PNP: Control Elements • Mouse emulation: Settings for access systems that emulate a mouse e.g., mouse keys. • Voice Recognition: Settings for voice recognition systems, including pointers to voice files. • Coded Input: Morse Code, Chorded input, Quartering, Personal Code • Prediction: Word prediction, word completion prediction, etc. • Structural Navigation: next paragraph, etc. • Future Technology Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  18. PNP: Display Elements • Screen reader:Settings for systems that read the screen and interpret what the user interface presents visually(without visual cueing). • Screen enhancement:Settings for systems that enhance the screen visibility using magnification, enhanced contrast etc. • Text-read and hi-light:Settings for systems that both read text and visually cue the user. • Braille display:Settings for refreshable Braille displays • Tactile display:Settings for haptic and other tactile displays. Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  19. PNP: Display Elements • Visual Alert: alternative to audio alert • Structural Presentation:outline view, list of links, etc. • Future Technology: Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  20. PNP: Content Elements • Alternatives to visual: Video description, alt-text, haptic rendering, etc. • Alternatives to text: Image intensive site, etc. • Alternatives to audio: Captioning, ASL translation, enhanced multimedia captioning • Learner scaffold: Settings to specify learner scaffolds needed by the learner • Personal stylesheet: Pointers to style sheets • Extra Time:test time, etc. Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  21. PNP: Contexts • When I’m tired • When I’m using my portable • When I’m at work... Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  22. Digital Resource Description (DRD) Information about the Primary Resource • Can display be transformed, & • Is control flexible (EARL statements) • Does resource require hearing, sight, touch or text literacy • What are the locations of any known equivalents Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  23. Digital Resource Description (DRD) Information about the Equivalent Alternative • Pointer to the primary resource for which it is an equivalent • A description that parallels the content requirements of Personal Needs and Preferences Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  24. The Inclusive Learning Exchange • TILE • http://inclusivelearning.ca Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  25. TILE E-learning environment that enables learner-centric transformation of learning content and delivery • Authoring support for transformable content and Metadata • Browser • Learning Object Repository • Learner Preference System Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

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  34. Web4All’s mobility challenge • Industry Canada - Community Access Point Sites • Accessibility • Technical Support • Conflicting Assistive Technology • Someone else’s residual settings Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  35. Web4All’s mobility challenge • To give all users access in: • Libraries • Schools • Colleges, Universities • Government Offices • Internet Cafes, …. Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  36. Personalization Problem • New Adaptive Tech for each user • New set of preferences for each learner • Technical support staff • Conflicts between Adaptive Techs • What AT alternatives if familiar system not an option? Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  37. Web4All • Personal preference on a Smart Card • Expressed as short XML string • Configures: • The system • The Browser • The Assistive Technology • Resets all settings to default when card withdrawn Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  38. Personal Preferences • Generic Preferences • E.g., magnification level, background color, Scanning type, Speech rate • Specialized Preferences • E.g., Word prediction list length, visited link voice • API for Assistive Technologies Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  39. Web4All Plug-ins • Configurator • Preference Wizard • Functional questions • Generates string with no personal information Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  40. Compliant Assistive Technologies • Map tool’s settings to generic settings • Declare special settings • (provide Web4All plug-ins for Configurator and preference wizard) Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  41. Accessibility is consistent with a number of other agendas… • Support of diversity • Device independence • Longevity, reusability of resources • Multi-lingual support • Interoperability • …. Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  42. And Known Geographic Problems… • Description of locations that are suitable: • Location on a moving vehicle • Upstairs and downstairs - same position • Location of mobile device • Re-usable location descriptions Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

  43. Can we all get together to work on the issues? • Thank you. Liddy Nevile, Martin Ford

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