Amazing Particles and Light -- Challenges and Horizons Swapan Chattopadhyay February 15, 2007

1. The Cockcroft Institute Inaugural Lecture Amazing Particles and Light -- Challenges and Horizons Swapan Chattopadhyay February 15, 2007 Inaugural Symposium The Cockcroft Institute February 15, 2007

2. Wonderful World of Particles . . .Probing at different scales – objects and instruments

3. longer shorter Particle Beams 103 102 101 110-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12 Wavelength (in meters) This Period Size of a wavelength Water Molecule Cell Protein Soccer Field Baseball Bacteria Virus House Common Name of wave “HARD” X-RAYS ULTRAVIOLET RADIOWAVES INFRARED VISIBLE “SOFT” X-RAYS MICROWAVES GAMMA RAYS Sources Solid State THz Emitters Microwave Oven Radioactive Elements Radar FMRadio Advanced Light Source AMRadio X-Ray Machines People Frequency (waves per Second) 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 And Light . . .

4. Merriam-Webster’s Definition But we talk about Beams:mais, qu’est-ce que c’est? Beam Typically created by a Particle Accelerator or Laser 1 a: a long piece of heavy often squared timber suitable for use in construction b: a wood or metal cylinder in a loom on which the warp is wound c: the part of a plow to which handles, standard, and coulter are attached d: the bar of a balance from which scales hang e: one of the principal horizontal supporting members (as of a building or ship) <a steel beam supporting a floor>; also: BOOM, SPAR <the beam of a crane> f : the extreme width of a ship at the widest part g: an oscillating lever on a central axis receiving motion at one end from an engine connecting rod and transmitting it at the other 2 a: a ray or shaft of light b: a collection of nearly parallel rays (as X rays) or a stream of particles (as electrons) c: a constant directional radio signal transmitted for the guidance of pilots; also: the course indicated by a radio beam 3: the main stem of a deer's antler 4: the width of the buttocks - on the beam 1: following a guiding beam 2: proceeding or operating correctly Ref. http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/beam

6. Beams Directed and Focused Flow of Energy and Information • Beams of: • Particles: electrons, protons, ions, … • Ultraviolet, Visible, Infrared, X-ray, Photons; Radio Waves; Lasers

7. Beams • Energy in a Beam • Entropy & Information in a Beam Phase Space in Rest Frame

8. High Energy Density Matter of Extraordinary Properties only to be found in STARS Laboratory Study of Plasmas, Nuclear Fusion, Cosmological Phase, . . . • Laser/Heavy Ion FUSION • Big-Bang Fluid • Quark-Gluon Plasma in Heavy Ion Collisions Compressed Energy and Matter Energy

9. Information Probing the Structure and Function of Matter: Condensed Matter, Biology, etc. • Synchrotron Radiation • Neutron Scattering • Fixed Target Nuclear Scattering • Raman Scattering Wave deposits energy

10. R&D to enable ERL’s THz FEL SASE, Seeded, FELS, . . . mm IR UV X-ray INTENSE, ULTRABRIGHT and ULTRASHORT Intense Charged Particle Beam-generated Photon Beams serve a Colorful Canvas of Photon Sciences

11. Fireball of pure energy nucleating into matter and waves again. Energy and Information Fundamental Particles and ForcesHigh Energy and Nuclear Physics High Energy Particle Colliders

12. Accelerator-driven Intense Charged Particle Beams serve Sciences from the Sub-atomic to the Cosmic LHC, LHeC, ILC, Tevatron, HERA, J-PARC, Neutrino Expts Underground Lab , FAIR CEBAF (6 GeV) CEBAF (12 GeV) ELIC/eRHIC ENERGETIC and LUMINOUS

13. Particle Accelerators and Associated Lasers have been and must continue to be singularly distinctive Instruments of Discovery and Innovation in various measures. Expect shift in the balance and partitioning between Discovery and Innovation sectors with time. Transition 20th 21st Century has brought Consolidation of the Discovery Instruments Diversification of Innovation Thesis

14. Feynman/Schwinger/Dyson/Tomonaga complete the Relativistic Theory of Light: QED (Quantum Electro-Dynamics) Yukawa postulates ‘strong force’ in nuclei 20th Century ‘Weak force’ discovered in radioactive β-decay Chadwick discovers the Neutron Cockcroft and Walton ‘Smashes the Atom’: transmutes ordinary matter artificially Lawrence builds cyclotron; Wideröe builds Linac Dirac predicts positron and anti-matter Quantum Theory of Radiation and Matter Born Planc/Einstein discover photon: Photo-electric Effect Rutherford discovers ‘nucleus’: Gold Foil Experiment 19th Century Thompson discovers the ‘Electron’ Discovery20th CENTURY: AMAZING PARTICLES!! Era of the Electron Fundamental Discoveries via Bold Conception of Key Critical Experiments leading to realization of Ever-larger Particle Accelerators

15. Discovery of Higgs Particle? 21th Century Construction of LHC, Conception of ILC FermiLab discovers the last quark, the ‘top’ Intermediate Vector Bosons, W and Z discovered at CERN, SppS By Rubbia and Van der Meer Simon van der Meer invents Stochastic Cooling to make cold anti- matter (antiproton) beams at SppS (Cern) 20th Century (Cont’d) Veltman, t’Hooft, Wilezek, Gross,. . . Unify it all into a field theory of quarks, gluons, electrons, photon, Intermediate Vector Bosons, . . . QCD and Standard Model Evidence of Partons from SLAC, FNAL Weinberg/Glashow/Salam propose unified theory of Radioactivity and Light (Electroweak Theory) and Gellmann/Nambu propose Quarks to explain it all . . . Feynman postulates ‘Partons’ within a nucleus to explain nucleon constituents Meson and Baryon Resonances observed/discovered world-wide Chamberlain/Segre discover Anti-proton (Anti-matter) at Bevatron Discovery20th CENTURY (Cont’d)

16. Innovative Particle Accelerators of Ever Increasing Size in 20th Century Cyclotron 1m Cockcroft-Walton 10m Wideröe Linac 100m Bevatron ~400m SLAC 3km Tevatron 10km LEP/LHC 27km ILC 100km

17. Discovery21st CENTURY: AMAZING LIGHT!! Hidden Energies Fundamentals at the Core of the Physical World • Hidden Dimensions, Symmetries and Structures • Origins of Mass, Dark Matter and Dark Energy • Unification of Gravity • Exotic States of Matter • Ultrabright, Ultrashort and Ultrafast Light To master the global resources necessary for these discoveries, international effort must be consolidated into only a few carefully selected facilities so large that they can only be supported internationally . . . • Emergence of a few grand future machines: • Large Hadron Collider • X-ray Free Electron Laser • International Linear Collider • International Neutrino Factory/Muon Collider

18. Grand Future Machines Muon Collider Neutrino Factory X-FEL ILC LHC

19. Discovery Class Science: Particle Physics Leinweber, Signal et al. E=mc2 All the weight of the proton is in the energetic dynamics of the force in full color: Quantum Chromo Dynamics

20. Discovery Class Science: Bio-Chemistry

21. On-going Key Developments at the Frontier of Innovations leading to 21st Century Discoveries • Electron, proton and ion beams of unprecedented precision, polarization, intensity and luminosity control • Superconducting Radio-frequency Science and Technology • Normal and superconducting materials operating at the fundamental natural limit • Table-top Laser-plasma Acceleration of Electrons to 1 GeV • 99.9 % Energy Recovery between Microwaves and Particles • Demonstration of Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission for X-ray FELS • Femto- and Atto-second bursts of electrons and light

24. INNOVATION Can we do better? • Can we tame particles as well as we tame light in lasers so we can map the phase-space of a particle beam within a light beam? • What is the Reward? • A compact Coherent X-ray Source • Compact Laser-Plasma Injectors for High Luminosity Colliders

25. lw ~ lx (1 + a2) = ~ 2 4g2 π g 2 1+ b / x Compact Coherent SASE X-Ray FEL using a Laser Wiggler FEL x-ray wavelength Inverse gain length a2 1 1 I 1+a2 Ng IA Electron beam parameters Transverse coherence requirement Ne= 106 , ce = 10-8 m, b / x < 10 nb = 10-8 mrad (≡ 30 attoseconds) SASE Ex=10 keV SASE Ex=1 keV Examples Ti laser (w= 0.8 m) g = 13 (6.5 MeV) Ew=30 mJ NX= 2x108 THz source (w=100 m) g = 500 (250 MeV) Ew=20 J NX= 6x108 Possible in 4GLS!! Possible on Table-top

26. Intensity-dependent Collective Effects • High brightness beams of today’s accelerators, synchrotron radiation sources, and free electron lasers are dominated by “collective” Coulomb-space charge as well as collisional effects, in addition to single particle classical and quantum optics. • Typical high-brightness electron beam in today’s applications: (x 10-5) (x 10-2) Correlated: CHALLENGE!! ACHIEVABLE (x 10-5) (can be focused to few nm at high energies such as at the ILC)

27. Ideal optics: dg = dv /M -1 Spherical aberrations: ds = 1/2Csa3 Chromatic aberrations: dc = Cc a DV / Vb Quantum mechanics: dd = 0.6 L / a Single Electron Quantum Diffraction Limit where Beam Diameter is the virtual source size dv and M -1 is the demagnification of the column where Cs is the spherical aberration coefficient of the final lens and a is the convergence half-angle of the beam at the target where Cc is the chromatic aberration coefficient, DV is the energy spread of the electrons, and Vb is the beam voltage electron wavelength L = 1.2/(Vb)1/2 nm, although much smaller than the wavelength of light (0.008 nm at 25 kV), this wavelength can still limit the beam diameter by classical diffraction effects in very high resolution systems • To determine the theoretical beam size of a system, the contributions from various sources can be added in quadrature: • d = (dg2 + ds2 + dc2 + dd2)1/2

28. Pure Single Particle Optics: Classical and Quantum But not if the electron radiates!!! Could reach Quantum Diffraction Limit . . . A plot showing resolution as a function of beam convergence angle for an electron beam column at 30 kV. The plot assumes an energy spread of 1.5 eV, a source diameter of 20 nm, and a fixed demagnification of 5.

29. COHERENCE VOLUME: г = ΔaR ·ΔθR ~ λ/2 Phase Space of a single oscillating electron is already comparable to the phase space of radiation External Radiation pulse of length L, wavelength λo Radiated wavelength: λ~ λo/2γ2 ≡ Effective Diffraction or Raleigh Length of Scattered Light

30. Diffraction-limited COHERENCE VOLUME: г = ΔaB2 ___ λ ~ λ ΔaB ·AθB = if ΔaB ~ λ Taming the Unruly . . . Herding CatsPhase Space of Radiation from a Beam І<eikzi>І=0 І<eikzi>І=1

31. PHASE-SPACE COOLING:Particles and Photons

32. Henri Poincaré Geometry and Topology of Phase Space, 1880’s, France Dynamical Phase-Space of a Particle Poincaré looked at Phase-Space as full of geometrical and topological structures

33. Joseph Liouville Phase Space Conservation, 1837 and Non-conservation, 1838, France, with Dissipative Forces Flow in Phase Space Hamiltonian Mapping Generating Incompressible Liouvillian Flow in Phase-Space To Liouville, it was all a SMOOTH FLOW, nothing violent happening anywhere except for gentle deformations: in fact, phase space volume (measure) is conserved for non-dissipative systems.

34. Simon van der Meer Stochastic Cooling, 1968, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland: introduced ‘virtual’ dissipation via a Maxwell’s Demon! Charged Particle Beam Cooling Gersh I. Budker Electron Cooling, 1978 Novosibirsk, Russia: introduced dissipation through Collisional Relaxation

35. Stochastic Cooling To van der Meer, phase space is mostly empty and where particles live, they cluster together leaving space in between Possibility of employing a MAXWELL’S DEMON to herd them into a tight bunch, if only one could see the phase space clutter! Phase-Space Cooling in Any One Dimension

36. Degree of Control in Phase Space Number of Independent Phase Space Samples Probed N 1 µ µ Control Rate t Ns Control Time µ Ns No. of Particles in a Sample Microwave Light Emittance l/2 Interplay of Particle Beam and Light Beam Coherence Volumes Molecular or Atomic Beam Laser Light Particle Beam Plasma or or X Beam Emittance e^ X Coherence Volume of Light << Beam Emittance

37. 2.925 microns, 0.6 micron detuning width 4.5 W average power TM01 or higher mode Example: Second Harmonic Lasing at JLab FEL resolves transverse beam at “micron” resolution

38. 1 1 t t 1 [Ns + Nn] What is Nn ? where Nn sample population that can generate a noise signal equivalent to the optical amplifier noise Fundamental Issues 1 control time of damping or cooling We expect: ~ [Ns] But, in practice, there is always amplifier noise which modifies cooling rate to : ~

39. Each particle emits ‘a’ photons per turn, where a fine structure constant ~ 1/137 Fundamental Issues Total no. of equivalent noise photons is ~ a Nn

40. a Nn ~ 1 > Nn = 1/a 1 1 ~ [Ns + (1/a)] t Fundamental Issues Theoretical minimum of optical amplifier noise is one noise photon per optical mode :

41. Fundamental Issues For large sample population, Ns ~ 107 - 109, the number of equivalent photons from sample and amplifier : Np = a Ns + aNn ~ (105 -107) + 1 >> 1. This large no. of photons generate an electric field in the far-field regime that is describable as classical light Large “degeneracy parameter”: large number of photons in a coherence volume

42. Fundamental Issues For small sample population, Ns ~ 50 - 100, the number of equivalent photons from sample and amplifier : Np ~ (0.5 -1) + 1 ~ O (1). These few photons generate a field that is intrinsically non -classical and quantum mechanical. Small “degeneracy parameter”: small number of photons in a coherence volume How does optical control work in this quantum limit ?? Understanding quantum optics of radiation from accelerated ultrashort bursts of electrons lasting femtoseconds to attoseconds will be critical to taming particle beams to an “ordered” and “coherent” state comparable to a laser.

43. Vision Expanding Spheres of Scientific Influence

44. Phase-Space Compression Phase-Space Slicing Innovations in Energy and Phase Space Control between Particles and Light are Key to Future Discoveries Phase-Space Mapping between Particles and Light Phase Space Control Energy Control Energy Mapping between Particles and Light Energy Compression Focusing and Guiding Energy and Phase Locking and Capture of Particle and Radiation Energy Mapping between Particles and Light

45. INNOVATIONSEnriching Everyday Lives Innovative and Affordable Instruments and Processes • Novel Medical Imaging, Diagnostics, Therapy, Radiation Oncology • Micro-Machined Instruments: for Research, Information Technology, Exploration of Space and Living Matter • Designer Nano-Materials: Artificial Cartilage, Organ Tissue, Anti-Bacterial Fabrics • Complex Protein Structures for Drug Discovery

46. Applications Nano-Fluids in New Technologies, in Chemistry, Bio Medicine, Geology From Micro- to Nano-Gears Lubrication in Nano Slits Chemistry Lab of Tomorrow: On a Chip Blood Flow in Capillaries

47. Vision A Dream? Amazing particles and light, carrying focused energy in special staccato-fashion, beaming into matter and life, illuminating what our eyes do not see and manipulating what our hands cannot . . . driven by extraordinarily clever particle accelerators from “small-”, “mezzo-” to “grand-scales” to: Find Hidden Energy and Matter Understand Proteins as the Molecular Engine of Life Design Eco- and Bio-friendly Nano-materials Eliminate Radioactive waste Control Dependence on Fossil Fuels

48. “Nothing happens, unless first a dream!” Carl Sandburg Sandburg Albert Einstein

49. Don’t Bet on It from Reader’s Digest