1 / 61

CITES and Plants

solana
Download Presentation

CITES and Plants

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

    1. CITES and Plants A Users Guide Version 3.0 Slide 1: CITES and Plants The aim of this presentation is to give an introductory outline of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora, more commonly known as CITES, or the Washington Convention. While the Convention applies to both plants and animals, this presentation will be restricted to plants.Slide 1: CITES and Plants The aim of this presentation is to give an introductory outline of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora, more commonly known as CITES, or the Washington Convention. While the Convention applies to both plants and animals, this presentation will be restricted to plants.

    2. What This Presentation Will Cover Aims and implementation of the Convention Plant groups covered by CITES Enforcement of the Convention Slide 2: What This Presentation Will Cover We will look at the following topics: the aims and implementation of the Convention; the plant groups covered by CITES; and, the enforcement of the Convention. [Note to speaker: The image shows artificially propagated Euphorbia bupleurifolia plants (Appendix II).]Slide 2: What This Presentation Will Cover We will look at the following topics: the aims and implementation of the Convention; the plant groups covered by CITES; and, the enforcement of the Convention. [Note to speaker: The image shows artificially propagated Euphorbia bupleurifolia plants (Appendix II).]

    3. Aims and Implementation

    4. Why Protect Wild Plants? Unsustainable international trade in wild plants may threaten the survival of wild populations Slide 4: Why Protect Wild Plants? Many plant species are highly desirable, whether for aesthetic reasons, or for specific purposes such as medicinal properties, food or timber. While it is possible to artificially propagate many plant species, this does not apply to all species. In some cases, specialist collectors and hobbyists are more interested in obtaining wild plants collected from their natural habitats, than artificially propagated specimens. Therefore some plants may be collected in very large numbers from the wild to supply demand, endangering their very existence. Wild plants are an important resource which require management to ensure their long time survival. CITES provides the mechanism to support a sustainable international trade in plant resources.Slide 4: Why Protect Wild Plants? Many plant species are highly desirable, whether for aesthetic reasons, or for specific purposes such as medicinal properties, food or timber. While it is possible to artificially propagate many plant species, this does not apply to all species. In some cases, specialist collectors and hobbyists are more interested in obtaining wild plants collected from their natural habitats, than artificially propagated specimens. Therefore some plants may be collected in very large numbers from the wild to supply demand, endangering their very existence. Wild plants are an important resource which require management to ensure their long time survival. CITES provides the mechanism to support a sustainable international trade in plant resources.

    5. To regulate and monitor the international trade in selected species of plants and animals To ensure that international trade does not endanger the survival of populations in the wild Aims of the Convention Slide 5: Aims of the Convention The Convention aims to regulate and monitor the international trade in selected species of plants and animals to ensure that it does not endanger the survival of populations in the wild. The international trade in listed species is regulated by means of a permit system which allows exporting countries to set trade at levels which they consider to be sustainable.Slide 5: Aims of the Convention The Convention aims to regulate and monitor the international trade in selected species of plants and animals to ensure that it does not endanger the survival of populations in the wild. The international trade in listed species is regulated by means of a permit system which allows exporting countries to set trade at levels which they consider to be sustainable.

    6. Parties to the Convention Slide 6: Parties to the Convention CITES was established in 1973 as a result of an initiative by the IUCN - the World Conservation Union, based in Switzerland. The Convention entered into force on 01 July 1975. Today, there are over 160 countries that are Parties to CITES. In the preamble to the text of the Convention, the Parties: recognise that fauna and flora are an irreplaceable part of the natural systems of the earth which must be protected for this and generations to come; recognise the scientific, cultural and economic importance of fauna and flora in different countries; acknowledge that peoples and States are the best protectors of their own biodiversity; understand that international co-operation is essential for the protection of certain species of wild fauna and flora against over-exploitation through international trade. [Note to speaker: For an update on the the number of CITES Parties check the official CITES website at www.cites.org. See slide 49 for an alternative format for this slide.]Slide 6: Parties to the Convention CITES was established in 1973 as a result of an initiative by the IUCN - the World Conservation Union, based in Switzerland. The Convention entered into force on 01 July 1975. Today, there are over 160 countries that are Parties to CITES. In the preamble to the text of the Convention, the Parties: recognise that fauna and flora are an irreplaceable part of the natural systems of the earth which must be protected for this and generations to come; recognise the scientific, cultural and economic importance of fauna and flora in different countries; acknowledge that peoples and States are the best protectors of their own biodiversity; understand that international co-operation is essential for the protection of certain species of wild fauna and flora against over-exploitation through international trade. [Note to speaker: For an update on the the number of CITES Parties check the official CITES website at www.cites.org. See slide 49 for an alternative format for this slide.]

    7. CITES Authorities Slide 7: CITES Authorities CITES is an international treaty to which only countries may become a Party. Under the terms of the Convention, each Party is required to appoint one or more Management Authorities, and at least one Scientific Authority. The Management Authority, always a government department, executes the provisions of the Convention and is responsible for issuing CITES permits. The Scientific Authority provides scientific advice to the Management Authority on applications for CITES permits and may also advise on trade and certain policy matters. The most important task of the Scientific Authority is to provide advice to the Management Authority on whether the export, and in some cases the import, of a plant will be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild. The CITES Secretariat based in Geneva, Switzerland, co-ordinates and assists the Parties with the implementation of the Convention. [Note to speaker: For an up to date list of CITES Management Authorities and Scientific Authorities check the CITES website at www.cites.org.]Slide 7: CITES Authorities CITES is an international treaty to which only countries may become a Party. Under the terms of the Convention, each Party is required to appoint one or more Management Authorities, and at least one Scientific Authority. The Management Authority, always a government department, executes the provisions of the Convention and is responsible for issuing CITES permits. The Scientific Authority provides scientific advice to the Management Authority on applications for CITES permits and may also advise on trade and certain policy matters. The most important task of the Scientific Authority is to provide advice to the Management Authority on whether the export, and in some cases the import, of a plant will be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild. The CITES Secretariat based in Geneva, Switzerland, co-ordinates and assists the Parties with the implementation of the Convention. [Note to speaker: For an up to date list of CITES Management Authorities and Scientific Authorities check the CITES website at www.cites.org.]

    8. CoPs and Committees Slide 8: CoPs and Committees A meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP) to CITES takes place every 2-3 years and is an opportunity for the Parties to amend the Appendices, and to discuss policy and enforcement matters. At a CoP, Parties are represented by official Government delegations. All Parties have one vote and equal voting rights. Proposals to amend the list of taxa included in the Appendices may be tabled by Parties at a CoP, following a consultation process. To be accepted, a proposal must gain a two thirds majority of the votes cast. Non-governmental and intergovernmental organisations may also participate at CoPs, but do not have voting rights. In between CoPs, several technical Committees exist including the Plants Committee. The Plants Committee provides advice and guidance to the CoP, other Committees, working groups and the Secretariat on all aspects relevant to the international trade in CITES listed species. The actual Committee is made up of elected individuals from each of the six CITES regions, and only they have voting rights. Representatives of the Parties, non-governmental organisations, trade and conservation bodies also participate in the meeting. Observers play an active and vital role in the work of the Plants Committee. [Note to speaker: To keep up to date on negotiations at CITES meetings and to view images of the events check the Earth Negotiations Bulletin. You can link to ENB via the CITES website at www.cites.org.] Slide 8: CoPs and Committees A meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP) to CITES takes place every 2-3 years and is an opportunity for the Parties to amend the Appendices, and to discuss policy and enforcement matters. At a CoP, Parties are represented by official Government delegations. All Parties have one vote and equal voting rights. Proposals to amend the list of taxa included in the Appendices may be tabled by Parties at a CoP, following a consultation process. To be accepted, a proposal must gain a two thirds majority of the votes cast. Non-governmental and intergovernmental organisations may also participate at CoPs, but do not have voting rights. In between CoPs, several technical Committees exist including the Plants Committee. The Plants Committee provides advice and guidance to the CoP, other Committees, working groups and the Secretariat on all aspects relevant to the international trade in CITES listed species. The actual Committee is made up of elected individuals from each of the six CITES regions, and only they have voting rights. Representatives of the Parties, non-governmental organisations, trade and conservation bodies also participate in the meeting. Observers play an active and vital role in the work of the Plants Committee. [Note to speaker: To keep up to date on negotiations at CITES meetings and to view images of the events check the Earth Negotiations Bulletin. You can link to ENB via the CITES website at www.cites.org.]

    9. The Appendices Slide 9: The Appendices At the core of the Convention are three lists of species, or Appendices. There are over 25,000 plant species subject to CITES controls - around five times as many plants as animals! Most of the plant species are included in Appendix II. Appendix I: lists plants threatened with extinction which are, or may be affected by trade. Trade in wild-taken plants for commercial purposes is prohibited. More than 300 plant species are included in this Appendix. Appendix II: lists plants which, although not necessarily threatened at the moment, may become so if trade were not regulated. This Appendix also includes species similar in appearance in order to secure better control. Trade in both wild-taken and artificially propagated plants is allowed, but is regulated. Over 25,000 plant species are included in this Appendix! Appendix III: lists plants subject to regulation within the territory of a CITES Party and for which the co-operation of other Parties is needed to prevent or restrict their exploitation. Over 30 plant species are included in this Appendix. For plants in all three Appendices, trade in artificially propagated specimens is allowed. All CITES trade is regulated by a system of permits. [Note to speaker: The slide shows a Paphiopedilum species (left), Welwitschia mirabilis (centre), and Cedrela odorata (right). See slide 50 for an alternative format for this slide.]Slide 9: The Appendices At the core of the Convention are three lists of species, or Appendices. There are over 25,000 plant species subject to CITES controls - around five times as many plants as animals! Most of the plant species are included in Appendix II. Appendix I: lists plants threatened with extinction which are, or may be affected by trade. Trade in wild-taken plants for commercial purposes is prohibited. More than 300 plant species are included in this Appendix. Appendix II: lists plants which, although not necessarily threatened at the moment, may become so if trade were not regulated. This Appendix also includes species similar in appearance in order to secure better control. Trade in both wild-taken and artificially propagated plants is allowed, but is regulated. Over 25,000 plant species are included in this Appendix! Appendix III: lists plants subject to regulation within the territory of a CITES Party and for which the co-operation of other Parties is needed to prevent or restrict their exploitation. Over 30 plant species are included in this Appendix. For plants in all three Appendices, trade in artificially propagated specimens is allowed. All CITES trade is regulated by a system of permits. [Note to speaker: The slide shows a Paphiopedilum species (left), Welwitschia mirabilis (centre), and Cedrela odorata (right). See slide 50 for an alternative format for this slide.]

    10. Trade in wild plants prohibited for commercial purposes Trade in artificially propagated plants allowed, subject to permit Appendix I Slide 10: Appendix I What type of species are included in Appendix I? Appendix I includes plants threatened with extinction and affected by international trade. The commercial trade in specimens of Appendix I plants taken from the wild is effectively prohibited. Trade in artificially propagated specimens is allowed, but is subject to the granting of permits. As well as the plants themselves, the trade in any part of the plant, or any product made from them, is also subject to CITES controls. This includes scientific material such as herbarium specimens. Examples of plants included in Appendix I: certain orchids, e.g. the genus Paphiopedilum, the Asian slipper orchids, such as the one shown on this slide.Slide 10: Appendix I What type of species are included in Appendix I? Appendix I includes plants threatened with extinction and affected by international trade. The commercial trade in specimens of Appendix I plants taken from the wild is effectively prohibited. Trade in artificially propagated specimens is allowed, but is subject to the granting of permits. As well as the plants themselves, the trade in any part of the plant, or any product made from them, is also subject to CITES controls. This includes scientific material such as herbarium specimens. Examples of plants included in Appendix I: certain orchids, e.g. the genus Paphiopedilum, the Asian slipper orchids, such as the one shown on this slide.

    11. Trade in wild and artificially propagated plants allowed for commercial & non- commercial purposes, subject to permit Appendix II Slide 11: Appendix II What type of species are included in Appendix II? Appendix II is a list of plants which, though they may not be threatened with extinction, may become so if the trade is not regulated and monitored. Commercial and non-commercial trade in both wild collected and artificially propagated plants is allowed, but is subject to permits. The control mechanisms aim at allowing trade in quantities that will not affect populations in the wild. For some species included in Appendix II, certain specified parts and derivatives are also subject to controls, or specifically excluded. Examples of plants included in Appendix II: all orchids and cacti not included in Appendix I are included in Appendix II, such as the Cypripedium species (Orchidaceae) shown on this slide.Slide 11: Appendix II What type of species are included in Appendix II? Appendix II is a list of plants which, though they may not be threatened with extinction, may become so if the trade is not regulated and monitored. Commercial and non-commercial trade in both wild collected and artificially propagated plants is allowed, but is subject to permits. The control mechanisms aim at allowing trade in quantities that will not affect populations in the wild. For some species included in Appendix II, certain specified parts and derivatives are also subject to controls, or specifically excluded. Examples of plants included in Appendix II: all orchids and cacti not included in Appendix I are included in Appendix II, such as the Cypripedium species (Orchidaceae) shown on this slide.

    12. Trade in wild and artificially propagated plants allowed for commercial & non- commercial purposes, subject to permit Appendix III Slide 12: Appendix III What type of species are included in Appendix III? Appendix III includes plants subject to regulation within the territory of a CITES Party and for which the co-operation of other Parties is needed to prevent or restrict their exploitation. Trade in both wild-collected and artificially propagated plants included in Appendix III is allowed, but requires CITES documents. Example of an Appendix III species: Spanish cedar, Cedrela odorata, is included in Appendix III by Peru and Colombia. CITES controls are limited to logs, sawn wood and veneer sheets. Ramin, Gonostylus spp. is included in Appendix III by Indonesia. CITES, in effect, controls the tree and parts and derivatives including manufactured material and scientific specimens. The slide shows various products made from ramin wood. [Note to speaker: A Party can nominate a species at any time for listing on CITES Appendix III - it does not have to be approved by a meeting of the CITES Conference of the Parties. You may wish to check the CITES website at www.cites.org before your presentation to check for any new listings.] CoP13 Amendments: Indonesia put forward to CoP13 a proposal to transfer Ramin from Appendix III to Appendix II. Check the CITES website to confirm if this proposal was adopted and if it resulted in a change to the parts and derivatives controlled by the Convention.Slide 12: Appendix III What type of species are included in Appendix III? Appendix III includes plants subject to regulation within the territory of a CITES Party and for which the co-operation of other Parties is needed to prevent or restrict their exploitation. Trade in both wild-collected and artificially propagated plants included in Appendix III is allowed, but requires CITES documents. Example of an Appendix III species: Spanish cedar, Cedrela odorata, is included in Appendix III by Peru and Colombia. CITES controls are limited to logs, sawn wood and veneer sheets. Ramin, Gonostylus spp. is included in Appendix III by Indonesia. CITES, in effect, controls the tree and parts and derivatives including manufactured material and scientific specimens. The slide shows various products made from ramin wood. [Note to speaker: A Party can nominate a species at any time for listing on CITES Appendix III - it does not have to be approved by a meeting of the CITES Conference of the Parties. You may wish to check the CITES website at www.cites.org before your presentation to check for any new listings.] CoP13 Amendments: Indonesia put forward to CoP13 a proposal to transfer Ramin from Appendix III to Appendix II. Check the CITES website to confirm if this proposal was adopted and if it resulted in a change to the parts and derivatives controlled by the Convention.

    13. Issued by the Management Authority Scientific Authority must advise that export will not be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild The Non-Detriment Statement Export Permits Slide 13: Export Permits In order to trade in plants covered by CITES, certain documents, or permits, are required. These permits are effectively findings from a Party confirming that the removal of the plant from that country will not affect wild populations and that the plant, or plant part, has been legally acquired. Permits are issued by the Management Authority of the Party. The most important document is the export permit. To take an Appendix I or Appendix II specimen out of the country of origin an export permit is required. This is a document confirming that, in the opinion of that Party, the removal of the plant from that country will not pose a threat to the survival of the species in the wild. The Management Authority issuing the permit must first have consulted with its Scientific Authority and been advised by them that the export will not affect wild populations detrimentally. This is termed a non-detriment statement. The requirement for an export permit applies to both wild-taken and artificially propagated specimens. Slide 13: Export Permits In order to trade in plants covered by CITES, certain documents, or permits, are required. These permits are effectively findings from a Party confirming that the removal of the plant from that country will not affect wild populations and that the plant, or plant part, has been legally acquired. Permits are issued by the Management Authority of the Party. The most important document is the export permit. To take an Appendix I or Appendix II specimen out of the country of origin an export permit is required. This is a document confirming that, in the opinion of that Party, the removal of the plant from that country will not pose a threat to the survival of the species in the wild. The Management Authority issuing the permit must first have consulted with its Scientific Authority and been advised by them that the export will not affect wild populations detrimentally. This is termed a non-detriment statement. The requirement for an export permit applies to both wild-taken and artificially propagated specimens.

    14. CITES requires for wild Appendix I plants Some countries, for example member states of the European Union, require import permits for all species treated as Appendix I or Appendix II Import Permits Slide 14: Import Permits Import permits are required for plants and material of wild origin, when the species is included in Appendix I. Import permits are not normally required for Appendix II material. Before an import permit may be granted by the Management Authority of the country into which a wild Appendix I plant is being brought, the Scientific Authority of the importing country must advise that the import would not be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild. However, some Parties take measures that are stricter than the basic requirements of the Convention. For example, the countries of the European Union require import permits for all material of species included in Appendices I and II. This applies to both wild-taken and artificially propagated material. [Note to speaker: You can check the European Union Regulations and stricter measures by logging onto the website: www.eu-wildlifetrade.org.]Slide 14: Import Permits Import permits are required for plants and material of wild origin, when the species is included in Appendix I. Import permits are not normally required for Appendix II material. Before an import permit may be granted by the Management Authority of the country into which a wild Appendix I plant is being brought, the Scientific Authority of the importing country must advise that the import would not be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild. However, some Parties take measures that are stricter than the basic requirements of the Convention. For example, the countries of the European Union require import permits for all material of species included in Appendices I and II. This applies to both wild-taken and artificially propagated material. [Note to speaker: You can check the European Union Regulations and stricter measures by logging onto the website: www.eu-wildlifetrade.org.]

    15. Certificates of Origin Slide 15: Certificates of Origin In the case of Appendix III species: an export permit is required if the specimen is being exported from the country that listed the species; if the specimen is being exported from a country other than the one that listed the species in the Appendices, a certificate from the country of origin is needed. These documents effectively state that the material has been legally acquired in the country of export. Appendix III exports do not require a non-detriment statement. Details of all CITES transactions are documented by the Parties and compiled in annual reports that are submitted to the Secretariat. Slide 15: Certificates of Origin In the case of Appendix III species: an export permit is required if the specimen is being exported from the country that listed the species; if the specimen is being exported from a country other than the one that listed the species in the Appendices, a certificate from the country of origin is needed. These documents effectively state that the material has been legally acquired in the country of export. Appendix III exports do not require a non-detriment statement. Details of all CITES transactions are documented by the Parties and compiled in annual reports that are submitted to the Secretariat.

    16. International convention with over 160 Parties COPs and Committees Appendices = species lists Permit system Summary Slide 16: Summary To summarise the first section of this presentation, weve seen that: CITES is an international conservation tool established to ensure that international trade does not detrimentally affect the survival of wild populations; decisions with regard to CITES are taken by the Parties, in consultation with scientists and other interested groups; at the core of the Convention are three lists of species subject to its controls; and, international trade in species included in the Appendices is regulated by a system of permits.Slide 16: Summary To summarise the first section of this presentation, weve seen that: CITES is an international conservation tool established to ensure that international trade does not detrimentally affect the survival of wild populations; decisions with regard to CITES are taken by the Parties, in consultation with scientists and other interested groups; at the core of the Convention are three lists of species subject to its controls; and, international trade in species included in the Appendices is regulated by a system of permits.

    17. Plant Groups Covered by CITES

    18. More Plants than Animals! Slide 18: More Plants than Animals! As we saw earlier, there are over 25,000 plant species subject to CITES controls - 5 times as many plants as animals! The reason for this is that several very large, horticulturally important plant groups are listed in CITES Appendix II. The species included in the CITES Appendices are subject to changes after each meeting of the Conference of the Parties. An easy way to keep up to date with CITES changes is to check the Appendices on the CITES website at www.cites.org. [Note to speaker: This slide shows a Pleione species (top left, Orchidaeae, Appendix II), an Echinopsis species (top centre, Cactaceae, Appendix II), Dionaea muscipula (top right, Appendix II), a Galanthus species (bottom left, Appendix II) and wild collected Cyclamen tubers (bottom centre, Appendix II).]Slide 18: More Plants than Animals! As we saw earlier, there are over 25,000 plant species subject to CITES controls - 5 times as many plants as animals! The reason for this is that several very large, horticulturally important plant groups are listed in CITES Appendix II. The species included in the CITES Appendices are subject to changes after each meeting of the Conference of the Parties. An easy way to keep up to date with CITES changes is to check the Appendices on the CITES website at www.cites.org. [Note to speaker: This slide shows a Pleione species (top left, Orchidaeae, Appendix II), an Echinopsis species (top centre, Cactaceae, Appendix II), Dionaea muscipula (top right, Appendix II), a Galanthus species (bottom left, Appendix II) and wild collected Cyclamen tubers (bottom centre, Appendix II).]

    19. Plants, Parts and Derivatives Slide 19: Plants, Parts and Derivatives CITES controls apply to plants, alive or dead and to any readily recognisable parts and derivatives. This means that its not just the plants themselves that are subject to controls, but parts of the plants including seeds, cuttings and leaves. Products made from plants may also be subject to CITES controls. If the name of a CITES-listed species is written on packaging then the product is considered to contain it and is therefore subject to CITES controls. There may be annotations next to the species listing in the Appendices specifically including, or excluding, certain parts and derivatives. For example, certain timber listings are annotated so that only logs, sawn timber and veneer sheets are subject to controls. Similarly, orchids included in Appendix I are annotated to exclude seedlings and tissue cultures transported in sterile containers from control. Herbarium specimens and material preserved in spirit are also subject to the provisions of CITES. However, there is a special CITES registration system which allows exchange by scientific institutions of scientific material using a simple label system. We will now take a look at some examples of the plant species included in the CITES Appendices. [Note to speaker: Slide 57 in the additional slide section contains more information on the registration system for scientific institutions. If you are speaking to a scientific audience you may wish to include Slide 57 in your presentation. This slide shows Dalbergia nigra timber (top left, Appendix I), dried chopped pieces of medicinal orchids (top centre, Appendix II), a Pachypodium species (top right, Appendix II), dried herbarium specimens (bottom left), flasked Orchidaceae seedlings (bottom centre) and a Paphiopedilum species (bottom right, Orchidaceae, Appendix I).]Slide 19: Plants, Parts and Derivatives CITES controls apply to plants, alive or dead and to any readily recognisable parts and derivatives. This means that its not just the plants themselves that are subject to controls, but parts of the plants including seeds, cuttings and leaves. Products made from plants may also be subject to CITES controls. If the name of a CITES-listed species is written on packaging then the product is considered to contain it and is therefore subject to CITES controls. There may be annotations next to the species listing in the Appendices specifically including, or excluding, certain parts and derivatives. For example, certain timber listings are annotated so that only logs, sawn timber and veneer sheets are subject to controls. Similarly, orchids included in Appendix I are annotated to exclude seedlings and tissue cultures transported in sterile containers from control. Herbarium specimens and material preserved in spirit are also subject to the provisions of CITES. However, there is a special CITES registration system which allows exchange by scientific institutions of scientific material using a simple label system. We will now take a look at some examples of the plant species included in the CITES Appendices. [Note to speaker: Slide 57 in the additional slide section contains more information on the registration system for scientific institutions. If you are speaking to a scientific audience you may wish to include Slide 57 in your presentation. This slide shows Dalbergia nigra timber (top left, Appendix I), dried chopped pieces of medicinal orchids (top centre, Appendix II), a Pachypodium species (top right, Appendix II), dried herbarium specimens (bottom left), flasked Orchidaceae seedlings (bottom centre) and a Paphiopedilum species (bottom right, Orchidaceae, Appendix I).]

    20. Orchid Species Slide 20: Orchid Species - Paphiopedilum All orchids are included in the CITES Appendices, accounting for the majority of the total number of species, plants and animals regulated by the Convention. All orchids are included in at least Appendix II of CITES, so they may be traded from the wild or artificially propagated sources, subject to the granting of permits. However, some species and genera are included in Appendix I. An Appendix I listing effectively prohibits the trade in wild-taken specimens, but allows trade in artificially propagated specimens, subject to permit. The orchids shown in this slide are Asian slipper orchids from the genus Paphiopedilum. The genus Paphiopedilum is included in Appendix I. In common with many orchid species, Asian slipper orchids are highly desirable and collectable. While many are in trade from artificially propagated sources, a sizeable trade in illegally collected wild-taken plants exists. Slipper orchids are vulnerable to over-collection from the wild as many grow in small colonies of limited extent which can easily be seriously affected by the removal of even a small number of individuals. [Note to speaker: The 12th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties excluded Phalaenopsis hybrids packed under proscribed conditions from CITES control. Check the CITES website at www.cites.org to keep up to date with this and other changes to the controls.]Slide 20: Orchid Species - Paphiopedilum All orchids are included in the CITES Appendices, accounting for the majority of the total number of species, plants and animals regulated by the Convention. All orchids are included in at least Appendix II of CITES, so they may be traded from the wild or artificially propagated sources, subject to the granting of permits. However, some species and genera are included in Appendix I. An Appendix I listing effectively prohibits the trade in wild-taken specimens, but allows trade in artificially propagated specimens, subject to permit. The orchids shown in this slide are Asian slipper orchids from the genus Paphiopedilum. The genus Paphiopedilum is included in Appendix I. In common with many orchid species, Asian slipper orchids are highly desirable and collectable. While many are in trade from artificially propagated sources, a sizeable trade in illegally collected wild-taken plants exists. Slipper orchids are vulnerable to over-collection from the wild as many grow in small colonies of limited extent which can easily be seriously affected by the removal of even a small number of individuals. [Note to speaker: The 12th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties excluded Phalaenopsis hybrids packed under proscribed conditions from CITES control. Check the CITES website at www.cites.org to keep up to date with this and other changes to the controls.]

    21. Orchid Hybrids Slide 21: Orchid Hybrids The vast majority of the orchid species in trade are included in Appendix II, which means they can be traded from both wild and artificially propagated sources, subject to the issuance of export permits. Hybrids of orchids are far more common in cultivation and trade than the species themselves. As most hybrids are only found in cultivation, i.e. they do not occur naturally in the wild, the conservation implications of trade in such plants is minimal. Why then are they subject to CITES controls? The answer is that in order to ensure effective controls for species threatened by the trade in wild-taken plants, plants that look very much like them must also be subject to controls. However, as part of the Review of the Appendices the CITES Plants Committee recommended that a group of the widely traded artificially propagated orchids be removed from control. It was felt that that this would not cause any impact on wild populations and, due to improving CITES enforcement for plants, no loophole for illegal trade. The 12th meeting of the Conference of the Parties approved the deletion of Phalaenopsis hybrids from control, subject to certain conditions. [Note to speaker: The exemption for Phalaenopsis hybrids applies only to consignments of greater than 100 plants packed separately and accompanied by a document such as an invoice which states their number and type. Details of the full list of exemptions can be found by checking the latest CITES Appendices at www.cites.org. The exemptions may be subject to change at future CoPs so check the website before you lecture!] CoP13 Amendments: CoP13 considered a range of proposals to exclude additional orchid hybrids from CITES contol. Check the CITES website to determine if any of these proposals were adopted.Slide 21: Orchid Hybrids The vast majority of the orchid species in trade are included in Appendix II, which means they can be traded from both wild and artificially propagated sources, subject to the issuance of export permits. Hybrids of orchids are far more common in cultivation and trade than the species themselves. As most hybrids are only found in cultivation, i.e. they do not occur naturally in the wild, the conservation implications of trade in such plants is minimal. Why then are they subject to CITES controls? The answer is that in order to ensure effective controls for species threatened by the trade in wild-taken plants, plants that look very much like them must also be subject to controls. However, as part of the Review of the Appendices the CITES Plants Committee recommended that a group of the widely traded artificially propagated orchids be removed from control. It was felt that that this would not cause any impact on wild populations and, due to improving CITES enforcement for plants, no loophole for illegal trade. The 12th meeting of the Conference of the Parties approved the deletion of Phalaenopsis hybrids from control, subject to certain conditions. [Note to speaker: The exemption for Phalaenopsis hybrids applies only to consignments of greater than 100 plants packed separately and accompanied by a document such as an invoice which states their number and type. Details of the full list of exemptions can be found by checking the latest CITES Appendices at www.cites.org. The exemptions may be subject to change at future CoPs so check the website before you lecture!] CoP13 Amendments: CoP13 considered a range of proposals to exclude additional orchid hybrids from CITES contol. Check the CITES website to determine if any of these proposals were adopted.

    22. Cacti Slide 22: Cacti Another large, horticulturally important group listed in the CITES Appendices is the cacti. This group is widely distributed in the Americas, frequently occurring in the desert areas of this region. The group is widely collected and studied by enthusiasts and scientists. Many cultivated varieties are familiar as houseplants in North America and Europe. The entire Cactaceae family is included in the CITES Appendices. Around 90 species are included in Appendix I, therefore prohibiting trade in these species from the wild. However, most species are included in Appendix II. Trade in these Appendix II listed species is allowed from both artificially propagated and wild-collected sources, subject to the issuance of a permit. Many species are found in very restricted habitats and are prized by collectors; over-collection poses a significant threat to such species, as well as being illegal in many countries. [Note to speaker: The Swiss CITES authorities have produced an excellent illustrated guidebook and CD ROM The Cacti of CITES Appendix I by Jonas M. Lthy which now forms part of the CITES Identification Manual (details available from the CITES Secretariat). This slide shows an Opuntia species (left, Appendix II), artificially propagated Opuntia and Ferocactus species (centre, Appendix II), and an Echinocereus species (right, Appendix II).]Slide 22: Cacti Another large, horticulturally important group listed in the CITES Appendices is the cacti. This group is widely distributed in the Americas, frequently occurring in the desert areas of this region. The group is widely collected and studied by enthusiasts and scientists. Many cultivated varieties are familiar as houseplants in North America and Europe. The entire Cactaceae family is included in the CITES Appendices. Around 90 species are included in Appendix I, therefore prohibiting trade in these species from the wild. However, most species are included in Appendix II. Trade in these Appendix II listed species is allowed from both artificially propagated and wild-collected sources, subject to the issuance of a permit. Many species are found in very restricted habitats and are prized by collectors; over-collection poses a significant threat to such species, as well as being illegal in many countries. [Note to speaker: The Swiss CITES authorities have produced an excellent illustrated guidebook and CD ROM The Cacti of CITES Appendix I by Jonas M. Lthy which now forms part of the CITES Identification Manual (details available from the CITES Secretariat). This slide shows an Opuntia species (left, Appendix II), artificially propagated Opuntia and Ferocactus species (centre, Appendix II), and an Echinocereus species (right, Appendix II).]

    23. Cacti Seeds Slide 23: Cacti Seeds As all parts and derivatives of species included in Appendix I are subject to CITES controls, the import and export of seed from such plants requires the appropriate CITES permits. Generally, the seeds of Appendix II species are excluded from CITES controls. However, at the 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES in 1997, the Parties adopted a proposal put forward by Mexico. This means that seeds of Mexican Cactaceae, originating from that country, are subject to the provisions of CITES and requires permits. This slide shows an individual of the Appendix II cactus genus, Lophophora, with seed. If the seed had originated from Mexico, then CITES permits would be required for legal export.Slide 23: Cacti Seeds As all parts and derivatives of species included in Appendix I are subject to CITES controls, the import and export of seed from such plants requires the appropriate CITES permits. Generally, the seeds of Appendix II species are excluded from CITES controls. However, at the 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES in 1997, the Parties adopted a proposal put forward by Mexico. This means that seeds of Mexican Cactaceae, originating from that country, are subject to the provisions of CITES and requires permits. This slide shows an individual of the Appendix II cactus genus, Lophophora, with seed. If the seed had originated from Mexico, then CITES permits would be required for legal export.

    24. Carnivorous Plants Slide 24: Carnivorous Plants Another large group, many of which are included in the CITES Appendices are the carnivorous plants. The genera controlled are Nepenthes, Sarracenia and Dionaea. Carnivorous plants are often found growing on poor, nitrogen deficient, soils; they obtain the nitrogen they require from the decomposing bodies of their prey. The slide shows Sarracenia leucophylla, the white-topped pitcher-plant, an Appendix II species found in the south-eastern USA. Three Sarracenia taxa are included in Appendix I, while the remaining species are included in Appendix II. In the south-eastern United States, habitat destruction poses a significant threat to these plants. All species are easily artificially propagated from seed or rhizomes. The pitchers of certain species are cut and harvested for the floristry trade and there is concern about the sustainability of harvesting from the wild for this trade.Slide 24: Carnivorous Plants Another large group, many of which are included in the CITES Appendices are the carnivorous plants. The genera controlled are Nepenthes, Sarracenia and Dionaea. Carnivorous plants are often found growing on poor, nitrogen deficient, soils; they obtain the nitrogen they require from the decomposing bodies of their prey. The slide shows Sarracenia leucophylla, the white-topped pitcher-plant, an Appendix II species found in the south-eastern USA. Three Sarracenia taxa are included in Appendix I, while the remaining species are included in Appendix II. In the south-eastern United States, habitat destruction poses a significant threat to these plants. All species are easily artificially propagated from seed or rhizomes. The pitchers of certain species are cut and harvested for the floristry trade and there is concern about the sustainability of harvesting from the wild for this trade.

    25. Carnivorous Plants - Dionaea muscipula Slide 25: Carnivorous Plants - Dionaea muscipula Perhaps the most familiar carnivorous plant is Dionaea muscipula, the Venus fly-trap. Found in the wild only in the USA, this species is included in Appendix II of the Convention. It is easily artificially propagated, but is still collected from the wild. Habitat destruction also poses a threat to this plant.Slide 25: Carnivorous Plants - Dionaea muscipula Perhaps the most familiar carnivorous plant is Dionaea muscipula, the Venus fly-trap. Found in the wild only in the USA, this species is included in Appendix II of the Convention. It is easily artificially propagated, but is still collected from the wild. Habitat destruction also poses a threat to this plant.

    26. Galanthus Slide 26: Galanthus Plants of the genus Galanthus, commonly known as snowdrops, are familiar in the gardens of Europe. The genus is included in Appendix II. There are about 19 species of snowdrop, with a distribution centred in Turkey. These plants are most commonly traded as bulbs. Trade in wild-taken specimens occurs, although bulbs are also artificially propagated on a large scale.Slide 26: Galanthus Plants of the genus Galanthus, commonly known as snowdrops, are familiar in the gardens of Europe. The genus is included in Appendix II. There are about 19 species of snowdrop, with a distribution centred in Turkey. These plants are most commonly traded as bulbs. Trade in wild-taken specimens occurs, although bulbs are also artificially propagated on a large scale.

    27. Cyclamen Slide 27: Cyclamen The genus Cyclamen is a group of very distinct species native to parts of Europe, western Asia and North Africa. All Cyclamen species are included in Appendix II of the Convention. The 21 species are of great horticultural interest, with many different colour forms and leaf markings. Four species are widely grown in gardens, and most Cyclamen are easily cultivated. One species, Cyclamen persicum, is commonly available in the florists and garden centres of Europe. This species is so widely cultivated and traded that artificially propagated plants are now exempt from the provisions of the Convention. Dormant tubers and all other species in this genus are still subject to controls. In Turkey, local projects to propagate Galanthus and Cyclamen on a commercial scale provide employment and income for local people. Turkey also has in place a comprehensive control system to monitor and regulate the collection and trade in wild bulbs (including Galanthus and Cyclamen) to ensure that it is sustainable. This trade in wild-collected plants provides an important income for local villagers.Slide 27: Cyclamen The genus Cyclamen is a group of very distinct species native to parts of Europe, western Asia and North Africa. All Cyclamen species are included in Appendix II of the Convention. The 21 species are of great horticultural interest, with many different colour forms and leaf markings. Four species are widely grown in gardens, and most Cyclamen are easily cultivated. One species, Cyclamen persicum, is commonly available in the florists and garden centres of Europe. This species is so widely cultivated and traded that artificially propagated plants are now exempt from the provisions of the Convention. Dormant tubers and all other species in this genus are still subject to controls. In Turkey, local projects to propagate Galanthus and Cyclamen on a commercial scale provide employment and income for local people. Turkey also has in place a comprehensive control system to monitor and regulate the collection and trade in wild bulbs (including Galanthus and Cyclamen) to ensure that it is sustainable. This trade in wild-collected plants provides an important income for local villagers.

    28. Aloe Slide 28: Aloe The genus Aloe includes over 400 species of succulent plants with leaves arranged in spirals. Most aloes occur in Africa and Madagascar, with some species being found in the Arabian Peninsula and the Canary Islands. This slide includes Aloe ferox, a South African species included in Appendix II. It is of interest to succulent growers, but also to the pharmaceutical industry. Commercial and specialist collectors pose a threat to the wild populations of Aloe species and therefore all aloes are included in the CITES Appendices. Over 20 species, including all dwarf aloes from Madagascar, are included in Appendix I, while the remaining are included in Appendix II. One exception! Aloe vera, commonly found in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products, is specifically excluded from the CITES Appendices. This species has been cultivated for centuries and there is no evidence of wild populations still in existence. It is cultivated in several countries and the trade in plants, leaves, and derivatives is entirely from artificially propagated sources. [Note to speaker: A full review of the succulent plants covered by CITES is included in the manual CITES and Succulents which has been produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, UK.]Slide 28: Aloe The genus Aloe includes over 400 species of succulent plants with leaves arranged in spirals. Most aloes occur in Africa and Madagascar, with some species being found in the Arabian Peninsula and the Canary Islands. This slide includes Aloe ferox, a South African species included in Appendix II. It is of interest to succulent growers, but also to the pharmaceutical industry. Commercial and specialist collectors pose a threat to the wild populations of Aloe species and therefore all aloes are included in the CITES Appendices. Over 20 species, including all dwarf aloes from Madagascar, are included in Appendix I, while the remaining are included in Appendix II. One exception! Aloe vera, commonly found in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products, is specifically excluded from the CITES Appendices. This species has been cultivated for centuries and there is no evidence of wild populations still in existence. It is cultivated in several countries and the trade in plants, leaves, and derivatives is entirely from artificially propagated sources. [Note to speaker: A full review of the succulent plants covered by CITES is included in the manual CITES and Succulents which has been produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, UK.]

    29. Succulent Euphorbia Slide 29: Succulent Euphorbia The genus Euphorbia includes about 2,000 species of very diverse habit, from annual plants to large trees, occurring mainly in Africa, but also extending into Asia, the Americas and southern Europe. CITES listing is confined to the the succulent euphorbias, over 700 species in total. The euphorbias subject to CITES controls are listed in The CITES Checklist of Succulent Euphorbia Taxa. All succulent euphorbias are included in Appendix II of CITES, with 10 species given the extra protection of an Appendix I listing. This slide includes Euphorbia pachypodioides (left), a native of Madagascar and, in common with other such euphorbias, highly collectable. It is propagated by nurseries outside its natural range, but is also collected from the wild. Succulent euphorbias usually have a fleshy stem with or without spines. Leaves may be present in some species, but they drop in the rest season. Plants are usually traded without leaves. Some species look rather like cacti. Unlike cacti, however, all euphorbias contain a milky latex that can be seen oozing from the plant if a minor wound is made with a pin. Remember that the latex may be very toxic and may cause irritation to your skin if touched.Slide 29: Succulent Euphorbia The genus Euphorbia includes about 2,000 species of very diverse habit, from annual plants to large trees, occurring mainly in Africa, but also extending into Asia, the Americas and southern Europe. CITES listing is confined to the the succulent euphorbias, over 700 species in total. The euphorbias subject to CITES controls are listed in The CITES Checklist of Succulent Euphorbia Taxa. All succulent euphorbias are included in Appendix II of CITES, with 10 species given the extra protection of an Appendix I listing. This slide includes Euphorbia pachypodioides (left), a native of Madagascar and, in common with other such euphorbias, highly collectable. It is propagated by nurseries outside its natural range, but is also collected from the wild. Succulent euphorbias usually have a fleshy stem with or without spines. Leaves may be present in some species, but they drop in the rest season. Plants are usually traded without leaves. Some species look rather like cacti. Unlike cacti, however, all euphorbias contain a milky latex that can be seen oozing from the plant if a minor wound is made with a pin. Remember that the latex may be very toxic and may cause irritation to your skin if touched.

    30. Cycads Slide 30: Cycads Cycads are amongst the most primitive of plants. They belong to a number of different genera found in Africa, Asia, Australia and the Americas. All cycads are included in Appendix II of the Convention, but several species and three genera are included in Appendix I. Cycads are very attractive to horticulturists and landscape gardeners in mild climates. They are also popular in Europe as large decorative container plants. Cycads are widely cultivated as ornamentals and many are sought after by specialist collectors. Removal of whole plants and the collection of seed from the wild is having a serious impact on populations of these plants. The poaching of large plants from the wild remains a serious problem wherever cycads occur. Steps are being taken to increase the artificial propagation of cycads. In Mexico, for example, community based projects involve entire villages in the conservation and propagation of cycads. [Note to speaker:A useful reference on the conservation and sustainable use of Cycads is Cycads, Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan edited by John Donaldson (2003) of the IUCN/SSC Cycad Specialist Group and published by IUCN - The World Conservation Union. The CITES Identification Manual also contains a very useful section on how to identify Cycad genera by their leaves. This slide shows the Mexican cycad, Dioon edule (left) and collection of Cycas panzhihuaensis in China (right).]Slide 30: Cycads Cycads are amongst the most primitive of plants. They belong to a number of different genera found in Africa, Asia, Australia and the Americas. All cycads are included in Appendix II of the Convention, but several species and three genera are included in Appendix I. Cycads are very attractive to horticulturists and landscape gardeners in mild climates. They are also popular in Europe as large decorative container plants. Cycads are widely cultivated as ornamentals and many are sought after by specialist collectors. Removal of whole plants and the collection of seed from the wild is having a serious impact on populations of these plants. The poaching of large plants from the wild remains a serious problem wherever cycads occur. Steps are being taken to increase the artificial propagation of cycads. In Mexico, for example, community based projects involve entire villages in the conservation and propagation of cycads. [Note to speaker:A useful reference on the conservation and sustainable use of Cycads is Cycads, Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan edited by John Donaldson (2003) of the IUCN/SSC Cycad Specialist Group and published by IUCN - The World Conservation Union. The CITES Identification Manual also contains a very useful section on how to identify Cycad genera by their leaves. This slide shows the Mexican cycad, Dioon edule (left) and collection of Cycas panzhihuaensis in China (right).]

    31. Palms Slide 31: Palms Only a small number of Palms are covered by CITES. All the CITES species listed to date are native to Madagascar which has an extremely rich Palm flora. To date some nine species of Palms have been listed on CITES, all on Appendix II. All have been listed because of the demand for their seeds and plants in international trade. Of the earlier listed species Chysalidocarpus decipiens (Dypsis decipiens) and Neodypsis decaryi (Dypsis decaryi) are now widely available in cultivation. The additional seven species were added at the twelfth meeting of the Conference of the Parties in 2002 at the request of Madagascar. [Note to speaker: This slide shows Beccariophoenix madagascariensis (left), Satranala decussilvae (centre) and Marojejya darianii (right), three of the palm species from Madagascar listed on Appendix II at COP12.]Slide 31: Palms Only a small number of Palms are covered by CITES. All the CITES species listed to date are native to Madagascar which has an extremely rich Palm flora. To date some nine species of Palms have been listed on CITES, all on Appendix II. All have been listed because of the demand for their seeds and plants in international trade. Of the earlier listed species Chysalidocarpus decipiens (Dypsis decipiens) and Neodypsis decaryi (Dypsis decaryi) are now widely available in cultivation. The additional seven species were added at the twelfth meeting of the Conference of the Parties in 2002 at the request of Madagascar. [Note to speaker: This slide shows Beccariophoenix madagascariensis (left), Satranala decussilvae (centre) and Marojejya darianii (right), three of the palm species from Madagascar listed on Appendix II at COP12.]

    32. Tree Ferns Slide 32: Tree Ferns Tree ferns are distributed in the Americas, South East Asia, Australia, New Zealand and Africa. Species from three genera are controlled by CITES, Dicksonia, Cyathea and Cibotium. All species of Cyathea are included in Appendix II together with those Dicksonia species from the Americas only. Four species of Dicksonia are known to occur in the Americas. These are Dicksonia berteriana, D. externa, D. sellowiana and D. stuebelii. Cibotium barometz, an Asian tree fern traded for medicinal purposes from China, is also controlled. Cyathea and Dicksonia are traded as growing plants, but more usually as sawn-off trunks or trunk sections. Trunks are also traded as blocks and pots, which are often used in the horticulture trade to grow other plants, especially orchids. Such products are also subject to CITES controls. Cibotium is traded as dried roots and also as an ingredient in Chinese medicine. Cibotium in trade, to date, is only known to come from the wild, with no known large scale propagation for the medicinal trade. Slide 32: Tree Ferns Tree ferns are distributed in the Americas, South East Asia, Australia, New Zealand and Africa. Species from three genera are controlled by CITES, Dicksonia, Cyathea and Cibotium. All species of Cyathea are included in Appendix II together with those Dicksonia species from the Americas only. Four species of Dicksonia are known to occur in the Americas. These are Dicksonia berteriana, D. externa, D. sellowiana and D. stuebelii. Cibotium barometz, an Asian tree fern traded for medicinal purposes from China, is also controlled. Cyathea and Dicksonia are traded as growing plants, but more usually as sawn-off trunks or trunk sections. Trunks are also traded as blocks and pots, which are often used in the horticulture trade to grow other plants, especially orchids. Such products are also subject to CITES controls. Cibotium is traded as dried roots and also as an ingredient in Chinese medicine. Cibotium in trade, to date, is only known to come from the wild, with no known large scale propagation for the medicinal trade.

    33. Timber - Appendix I Slide 33: Timber - Appendix I A number of tree species are included in the Appendices of CITES. These species may be traded for their timber, or other uses such as their medicinal properties. The guitar in the slide is made from pre-Convention Dalbergia nigra (Brazilian Rosewood). This species is also traded as antique furniture, often with ivory inlays. Dalbergia nigra is included on Appendix I of the Convention. Inclusion in Appendix I means that the species, and all parts and derivatives made from it, may be commercially traded only when the material comes from artificially propagated sources, or where the material was acquired before the species was included in the Appendices. Such material is termed pre-Convention. Slide 33: Timber - Appendix I A number of tree species are included in the Appendices of CITES. These species may be traded for their timber, or other uses such as their medicinal properties. The guitar in the slide is made from pre-Convention Dalbergia nigra (Brazilian Rosewood). This species is also traded as antique furniture, often with ivory inlays. Dalbergia nigra is included on Appendix I of the Convention. Inclusion in Appendix I means that the species, and all parts and derivatives made from it, may be commercially traded only when the material comes from artificially propagated sources, or where the material was acquired before the species was included in the Appendices. Such material is termed pre-Convention.

    34. Timber - Appendix II and III Slide 34: Timber - Appendix II and III A number of tree species that are used for timber, are included on CITES Appendices II and III. The genus Swietenia (South American Mahogany) is listed on Appendix II. The major species in trade is Swietenia macrophylla. The natural range of this tree extends from the Bolivian Amazon up the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to Mexico. Concern over the long term sustainability of the exploitation of this high value timber has led to strict controls on its harvest being put in place in many of its range States and to its CITES listing. Brazil was the major exporter, however a moratorium on exports was put in place by the Brazilian government in October 2001 to allow them to strengthen national controls on illegal logging. Principal exporting countries in the recent past have been Brazil, Bolivia and Peru. The UK was once an important importer, but the UK trade now regard it as a niche species and seek lower priced woods to replace it. Afrormosia (Pericopsis elata) is a valuable west African timber listed on Appendix II of CITES. The major exporting countries are Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Congo. The wood is exported, for the greater part, as sawn timber and the major importers are Italy, Japan, Belgium and Taiwan. Ramin (Gonystylus spp.) is a light tropical hardwood concentrated in the swamp forests of Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia and Malaysia. The Indonesian government listed ramin in Appendix III of CITES in April 2001. This was due to their concern about the over-exploitation of ramin due to the illegal logging of the tree from prime orang-utan habitats and protected areas. The European Union is a major importer of ramin, as is the USA. Within the EU, Italy is the largest importer of ramin. Ramin is popular for picture frame mouldings, of which Italy is the major producer and exporter within Europe. Ramin products include dowels, decorative mouldings, slatted wooden blinds, picture frames, slatted wooden doors, window shutters, and furniture components. [Note to speaker: Indonesia put forward to CoP13 a proposal to transfer Ramin from Appendix III to Appendix II. Check the CITES website to confirm if this proposal was adopted and if it resulted in a change to the parts and derivatives controlled by the Convention. For updates on the CITES timber listings, quota levels and other important information on implementation check the CITES website at www.cites.org .]Slide 34: Timber - Appendix II and III A number of tree species that are used for timber, are included on CITES Appendices II and III. The genus Swietenia (South American Mahogany) is listed on Appendix II. The major species in trade is Swietenia macrophylla. The natural range of this tree extends from the Bolivian Amazon up the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to Mexico. Concern over the long term sustainability of the exploitation of this high value timber has led to strict controls on its harvest being put in place in many of its range States and to its CITES listing. Brazil was the major exporter, however a moratorium on exports was put in place by the Brazilian government in October 2001 to allow them to strengthen national controls on illegal logging. Principal exporting countries in the recent past have been Brazil, Bolivia and Peru. The UK was once an important importer, but the UK trade now regard it as a niche species and seek lower priced woods to replace it. Afrormosia (Pericopsis elata) is a valuable west African timber listed on Appendix II of CITES. The major exporting countries are Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Congo. The wood is exported, for the greater part, as sawn timber and the major importers are Italy, Japan, Belgium and Taiwan. Ramin (Gonystylus spp.) is a light tropical hardwood concentrated in the swamp forests of Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia and Malaysia. The Indonesian government listed ramin in Appendix III of CITES in April 2001. This was due to their concern about the over-exploitation of ramin due to the illegal logging of the tree from prime orang-utan habitats and protected areas. The European Union is a major importer of ramin, as is the USA. Within the EU, Italy is the largest importer of ramin. Ramin is popular for picture frame mouldings, of which Italy is the major producer and exporter within Europe. Ramin products include dowels, decorative mouldings, slatted wooden blinds, picture frames, slatted wooden doors, window shutters, and furniture components. [Note to speaker: Indonesia put forward to CoP13 a proposal to transfer Ramin from Appendix III to Appendix II. Check the CITES website to confirm if this proposal was adopted and if it resulted in a change to the parts and derivatives controlled by the Convention. For updates on the CITES timber listings, quota levels and other important information on implementation check the CITES website at www.cites.org .]

    35. Medicinal Plants Slide 35: Medicinal Plants - Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) A number of plants with specific uses in the medicinal plant trade are included in the CITES Appendices. Some species listings specifically exclude finished medicines from CITES, while others refer to certain parts and derivatives. Panax quinquefolius is native to the USA and Canada. It is threatened by over-collection, but is also cultivated. American ginseng is traded as whole, sliced and powdered roots, and is widely used in homeopathic medicines, Asian medicines, and other products. The listing for this species specifies that only the unprocessed roots themselves, shown in this slide, are subject to CITES controls. Processed products are specifically excluded, for example teas, confectionery and pills, reflecting the intention by the Parties not to control finished medicines and other products under this listing. In addition to American ginseng, Panax ginseng, also known as Korean, Oriental or Chinese ginseng, is widely traded and is included in Appendix II. However, the listing for this species only covers those populations from the Russian Federation, because these are probably the only wild populations left. The largest trade is in propagated Panax ginseng material from Korea, which is not subject to CITES control. [Note to speaker: The report by the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation Medicinal Plants Significant Trade Study CITES Project S-109. Plants Committee Document PC9 9.1.3.(rev.). U. Schippmann (2001) is an excellent source of information on the CITES medicinal plant trade.] Slide 35: Medicinal Plants - Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) A number of plants with specific uses in the medicinal plant trade are included in the CITES Appendices. Some species listings specifically exclude finished medicines from CITES, while others refer to certain parts and derivatives. Panax quinquefolius is native to the USA and Canada. It is threatened by over-collection, but is also cultivated. American ginseng is traded as whole, sliced and powdered roots, and is widely used in homeopathic medicines, Asian medicines, and other products. The listing for this species specifies that only the unprocessed roots themselves, shown in this slide, are subject to CITES controls. Processed products are specifically excluded, for example teas, confectionery and pills, reflecting the intention by the Parties not to control finished medicines and other products under this listing. In addition to American ginseng, Panax ginseng, also known as Korean, Oriental or Chinese ginseng, is widely traded and is included in Appendix II. However, the listing for this species only covers those populations from the Russian Federation, because these are probably the only wild populations left. The largest trade is in propagated Panax ginseng material from Korea, which is not subject to CITES control. [Note to speaker: The report by the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation Medicinal Plants Significant Trade Study CITES Project S-109. Plants Committee Document PC9 9.1.3.(rev.). U. Schippmann (2001) is an excellent source of information on the CITES medicinal plant trade.]

    36. Exemptions Slide 36: Exemptions - Supermarket Plants Many plants are artificially propagated on a large scale. One of the benefits of CITES has been to encourage the artificial propagation of many plants. Artificial propagation takes the pressure off wild populations, removing the need for plants to be collected from the wild and providing the public with a supply of cheap, high quality, uniform, disease-free plants. Many plants are effectively exclusively traded from artificially propagated sources. Recognising this, the Parties have taken the decision to exempt some specific species from CITES controls. These exemptions include a number of cacti (left), propagated Cyclamen persicum (centre left), one species of Euphorbia (Euphorbioa trigona, centre right) and Phalaenopsis orchid hybrids (right) packed to the required standards. [Note to speaker: The exemption for Phalaenopsis hybrids applies only to consignments of greater than 100 plants packed separately and accompanied by a document such as an invoice which states their number and type. Details of the full list of exemptions can be found by checking the latest CITES Appendices on www.cites.org. The exemptions may be subject to change at future CoPs so check the website before you lecture!] CoP13 Amendments: CoP13 considered a range of proposals to exclude additional orchid hybrids from CITES contol. Check the CITES website to determine if any of these proposals were adopted. Slide 36: Exemptions - Supermarket Plants Many plants are artificially propagated on a large scale. One of the benefits of CITES has been to encourage the artificial propagation of many plants. Artificial propagation takes the pressure off wild populations, removing the need for plants to be collected from the wild and providing the public with a supply of cheap, high quality, uniform, disease-free plants. Many plants are effectively exclusively traded from artificially propagated sources. Recognising this, the Parties have taken the decision to exempt some specific species from CITES controls. These exemptions include a number of cacti (left), propagated Cyclamen persicum (centre left), one species of Euphorbia (Euphorbioa trigona, centre right) and Phalaenopsis orchid hybrids (right) packed to the required standards. [Note to speaker: The exemption for Phalaenopsis hybrids applies only to consignments of greater than 100 plants packed separately and accompanied by a document such as an invoice which states their number and type. Details of the full list of exemptions can be found by checking the latest CITES Appendices on www.cites.org. The exemptions may be subject to change at future CoPs so check the website before you lecture!] CoP13 Amendments: CoP13 considered a range of proposals to exclude additional orchid hybrids from CITES contol. Check the CITES website to determine if any of these proposals were adopted.

    37. Plant groups controlled Parts, derivatives and products Exemptions to the controls Summary Slide 37: Summary We have: taken a brief look at some of the main plant groups subject to CITES controls, such as orchids and cacti; seen that CITES controls may apply to parts, derivatives and products, as well as plants themselves; and, seen that there are some important exemptions to the controls in order to facilitate the legitimate plant trade.Slide 37: Summary We have: taken a brief look at some of the main plant groups subject to CITES controls, such as orchids and cacti; seen that CITES controls may apply to parts, derivatives and products, as well as plants themselves; and, seen that there are some important exemptions to the controls in order to facilitate the legitimate plant trade.

    38. Enforcement

    39. Enforcement Slide 39: Enforcement CITES is implemented by national legislation in each Party. Effective enforcement is the key to the success of any legislation. CITES is no exception. Enforcement is usually carried out by the Customs agencies of a Party, but may also involve the Police, Management Authority and the CITES Secretariat.Slide 39: Enforcement CITES is implemented by national legislation in each Party. Effective enforcement is the key to the success of any legislation. CITES is no exception. Enforcement is usually carried out by the Customs agencies of a Party, but may also involve the Police, Management Authority and the CITES Secretariat.

    40. Problems with Shipments No documents Documents do not match plants Misdeclarations Slide 40: Problems with Shipments What are the main problems associated with consignments of CITES listed plants? Plants are not accompanied by the correct, or indeed any, CITES permits. Plants may be species other than those listed on the permits. The numbers of plants in the consignment may be more than that stated on the permits. Plants may be from a source other than that stated on the paperwork, i.e. wild collected when claims of artificial propagation are made on paper. Problems such as these may result in plants being detained or seized by enforcement agencies. Those taking, exporting or importing plants illegally may face penalties. [Note to speaker: The CITES definition of artificial propagation is quite detailed and requires that the plants be of legal origin. Details of the definition of artificial propagation are given in the additional slide section (Slide 52).] Slide 40: Problems with Shipments What are the main problems associated with consignments of CITES listed plants? Plants are not accompanied by the correct, or indeed any, CITES permits. Plants may be species other than those listed on the permits. The numbers of plants in the consignment may be more than that stated on the permits. Plants may be from a source other than that stated on the paperwork, i.e. wild collected when claims of artificial propagation are made on paper. Problems such as these may result in plants being detained or seized by enforcement agencies. Those taking, exporting or importing plants illegally may face penalties. [Note to speaker: The CITES definition of artificial propagation is quite detailed and requires that the plants be of legal origin. Details of the definition of artificial propagation are given in the additional slide section (Slide 52).]

    41. Distinguishing Between Wild and Artificially Propagated Plants Slide 41: Distinguishing Between Wild and Artificially Propagated Plants Distinguishing between wild collected and artificially propagated plants is not a straightforward matter, but there are certain characteristics that can be used to make this distinction. Wild collected plants carry the marks of growing in their natural habitat. Plants propagated in nurseries bear the marks of an artificial, well maintained environment. They are clean, uniform and packed to a high standard. Sometimes plants are propagated outside or in shade houses; in these cases the plants may carry some marks similar to wild collected plants. It is therefore important that you call in an expert to check the status of any plants you consider may be wild collected rather than artificially propagated. The CITES Identification Manual Volume 1, flora, available from the CITES Secretariat, includes details of how to distinguish wild from artificially propagated plants in the major CITES groups. But remember always get your opinion checked by an expert! Slide 41: Distinguishing Between Wild and Artificially Propagated Plants Distinguishing between wild collected and artificially propagated plants is not a straightforward matter, but there are certain characteristics that can be used to make this distinction. Wild collected plants carry the marks of growing in their natural habitat. Plants propagated in nurseries bear the marks of an artificial, well maintained environment. They are clean, uniform and packed to a high standard. Sometimes plants are propagated outside or in shade houses; in these cases the plants may carry some marks similar to wild collected plants. It is therefore important that you call in an expert to check the status of any plants you consider may be wild collected rather than artificially propagated. The CITES Identification Manual Volume 1, flora, available from the CITES Secretariat, includes details of how to distinguish wild from artificially propagated plants in the major CITES groups. But remember always get your opinion checked by an expert!

    42. Wild Collected Cacti Slide 42: Wild Collected Cacti This slide shows wild-taken plants of the cactus Obregonia denegrii. The tap roots have been roughly cut, suggesting the plants have been taken from the wild. The epidermis of the plants looks corky, suggesting that this portion has grown beneath the ground, a common growth habit in wild plants. The plants also look bleached from the strong sun, in contrast to plants grown in nursery conditions.Slide 42: Wild Collected Cacti This slide shows wild-taken plants of the cactus Obregonia denegrii. The tap roots have been roughly cut, suggesting the plants have been taken from the wild. The epidermis of the plants looks corky, suggesting that this portion has grown beneath the ground, a common growth habit in wild plants. The plants also look bleached from the strong sun, in contrast to plants grown in nursery conditions.

    43. Wild Collected Orchids Slide 43: Wild Collected Orchid - Paphiopedilum species Roots of wild collected plants are often dead, roughly broken or cut off in an effort to clean up the plant after collection. New roots may be growing from old damaged root material. Roots from wild plants may also have material from the natural substrate still attached. Leaves of wild collected plants display the marks of their natural habitat the damage caused by collection and often the contrasting fresh growth which has occurred after collection. The base leaves are often dead or damaged. The leaves may be pitted due to desiccation and also carry the tracks made by burrowing insects. Freshly collected plants may also have growths of mosses, lichens or liverworts. Such growths would not normally survive in the controlled conditions of a orchid nursery. As the wild plants grow older when they are brought into a nursery new leaves will sprout and these will be clean and fresh in marked contrast to the old wild leaves. The CITES Identification Manual Volume 1, flora includes detailed information on how to tell wild collected orchids from artificially propagated plants. However it always important to get an expert second opinion to confirm your identification of the plants as wild collected. Plants grown in poor conditions outside or in shade houses sometimes carry some of the marks of wild collected plants. Slide 43: Wild Collected Orchid - Paphiopedilum species Roots of wild collected plants are often dead, roughly broken or cut off in an effort to clean up the plant after collection. New roots may be growing from old damaged root material. Roots from wild plants may also have material from the natural substrate still attached. Leaves of wild collected plants display the marks of their natural habitat the damage caused by collection and often the contrasting fresh growth which has occurred after collection. The base leaves are often dead or damaged. The leaves may be pitted due to desiccation and also carry the tracks made by burrowing insects. Freshly collected plants may also have growths of mosses, lichens or liverworts. Such growths would not normally survive in the controlled conditions of a orchid nursery. As the wild plants grow older when they are brought into a nursery new leaves will sprout and these will be clean and fresh in marked contrast to the old wild leaves. The CITES Identification Manual Volume 1, flora includes detailed information on how to tell wild collected orchids from artificially propagated plants. However it always important to get an expert second opinion to confirm your identification of the plants as wild collected. Plants grown in poor conditions outside or in shade houses sometimes carry some of the marks of wild collected plants.

    44. Seized Plants Numbers Identification Resources Condition Slide 44: Seized Plants Now lets take a look at the problems associated with the holding and disposal of detained or seized plants. Numbers: Consignments may range from a few plants to many thousands! This slide shows a consignment of seized orchids being inspected. Identification: Identification of the plants may be a problem, especially as plants are not always traded in a form that makes them easy to identify. Identification by an expert botanist is usually required. Resources: The fate of the plants is not always immediately certain. The plants may be required as evidence in a prosecution, or may be returned to the importer following further investigation, so all the plants must be cared for until the matter is resolved. This may be a long process, so in the meantime, care such as potting on may be required. This has obvious time, space and resource implications for those given the task to care for such plants. Condition: Many plants in illegal consignments are of wild origin and may have suffered badly during collection and transport. As a result, disease and infestations are not uncommon. Such plants may have to be destroyed. The plants, even if in apparently good condition, will still need to be isolated and held in secure quarantine conditions. It is important that enforcement agencies have access to facilities to hold and care for plants that have been seized or held for expert identification. So, remember you need to take all these issues into account when inspecting or holding CITES controlled plants. Slide 44: Seized Plants Now lets take a look at the problems associated with the holding and disposal of detained or seized plants. Numbers: Consignments may range from a few plants to many thousands! This slide shows a consignment of seized orchids being inspected. Identification: Identification of the plants may be a problem, especially as plants are not always traded in a form that makes them easy to identify. Identification by an expert botanist is usually required. Resources: The fate of the plants is not always immediately certain. The plants may be required as evidence in a prosecution, or may be returned to the importer following further investigation, so all the plants must be cared for until the matter is resolved. This may be a long process, so in the meantime, care such as potting on may be required. This has obvious time, space and resource implications for those given the task to care for such plants. Condition: Many plants in illegal consignments are of wild origin and may have suffered badly during collection and transport. As a result, disease and infestations are not uncommon. Such plants may have to be destroyed. The plants, even if in apparently good condition, will still need to be isolated and held in secure quarantine conditions. It is important that enforcement agencies have access to facilities to hold and care for plants that have been seized or held for expert identification. So, remember you need to take all these issues into account when inspecting or holding CITES controlled plants.

    45. Sustainable levels of trade Organisation of CITES Main plant groups Enforcement Summary Slide 45: Summary During this presentation we have seen that the aim of CITES is to ensure that trade in certain species takes place at sustainable levels and that vulnerable species are not overexploited. We have outlined: the mechanisms and operation of the Convention; the permit system and the main permit types; the main plant groups covered by CITES, such as orchids, cacti, aloes and succulent euphorbias; and, looked at enforcement of the Convention, including the problems of the disposal of seized plants. [Note to speaker: This slide shows a Paphiopedilum species (Orchidaceae, Appendix I).]Slide 45: Summary During this presentation we have seen that the aim of CITES is to ensure that trade in certain species takes place at sustainable levels and that vulnerable species are not overexploited. We have outlined: the mechanisms and operation of the Convention; the permit system and the main permit types; the main plant groups covered by CITES, such as orchids, cacti, aloes and succulent euphorbias; and, looked at enforcement of the Convention, including the problems of the disposal of seized plants. [Note to speaker: This slide shows a Paphiopedilum species (Orchidaceae, Appendix I).]

    46. Conclusion Slide 46: Conclusion CITES was established over 30 years ago to protect populations of certain species of plants and animals from over-exploitation through international trade. Now over 160 Parties to CITES recognise the scientific, cultural and economic importance of fauna and flora in different countries and that international co-operation is essential to maintain it. The Parties also acknowledge that commercial trade may be beneficial to the conservation of species and ecosystems and to the development of local communities, when carried out at levels that are not detrimental to the survival of the species in question. However, the overriding aim of CITES is to ensure that wild fauna and flora, in their many and varied forms, are protected. They are an irreplaceable part of the natural systems of the Earth which must be used in a sustainable manner and protected from over-exploitation for present generations, and for those to come. [Note to speaker: This slide shows a Cattleya hybrid (top left, Orchidaceae, Appendix II), a Sarracenia species (top centre, Sarraceniaceae, Appendix II), a flower of an Echinocereus species (top right, Cactaceae, Appendix II), flasked Orchidaceae seedlings (bottom left, exempt) and a range of Chinese medicinals (including Gastrodia, Orchidaceae, Appendix II) on sale at a market in China (bottom centre).]Slide 46: Conclusion CITES was established over 30 years ago to protect populations of certain species of plants and animals from over-exploitation through international trade. Now over 160 Parties to CITES recognise the scientific, cultural and economic importance of fauna and flora in different countries and that international co-operation is essential to maintain it. The Parties also acknowledge that commercial trade may be beneficial to the conservation of species and ecosystems and to the development of local communities, when carried out at levels that are not detrimental to the survival of the species in question. However, the overriding aim of CITES is to ensure that wild fauna and flora, in their many and varied forms, are protected. They are an irreplaceable part of the natural systems of the Earth which must be used in a sustainable manner and protected from over-exploitation for present generations, and for those to come. [Note to speaker: This slide shows a Cattleya hybrid (top left, Orchidaceae, Appendix II), a Sarracenia species (top centre, Sarraceniaceae, Appendix II), a flower of an Echinocereus species (top right, Cactaceae, Appendix II), flasked Orchidaceae seedlings (bottom left, exempt) and a range of Chinese medicinals (including Gastrodia, Orchidaceae, Appendix II) on sale at a market in China (bottom centre).]

    47. Further Information CITES Secretariat, International Environment House, Chemin des Anmones, CH-1219 Chtelaine, Geneva Switzerland Tel: (+4122) 917-8139/40 Fax: (+4122) 797-3417 Email: cites@unep.ch URL: http://www.cites.org/ Slide 47: Further Information The Secretariat of the Convention is located in Geneva, Switzerland. It helps the Parties to implement CITES by providing interpretation of the provisions of the Convention, and advice on its practical implementation. The Secretariat also conducts a number of projects to help to improve the implementation, such as training seminars, or to examine the status of species in trade, to ensure that their exploitation remains within sustainable limits. Some of the Secretariat's projects are designed to provide assistance to the Parties in preparing national legislation to implement the Convention. The functions of the Secretariat are laid down in Article XII of the text of the Convention. You can also contact the CITES Management Authority in your own country for details on national implementation of the convention. Get the details of your national CITES Management Authority from the CITES website at www.cites org. For further information please contact the CITES Secretariat.Slide 47: Further Information The Secretariat of the Convention is located in Geneva, Switzerland. It helps the Parties to implement CITES by providing interpretation of the provisions of the Convention, and advice on its practical implementation. The Secretariat also conducts a number of projects to help to improve the implementation, such as training seminars, or to examine the status of species in trade, to ensure that their exploitation remains within sustainable limits. Some of the Secretariat's projects are designed to provide assistance to the Parties in preparing national legislation to implement the Convention. The functions of the Secretariat are laid down in Article XII of the text of the Convention. You can also contact the CITES Management Authority in your own country for details on national implementation of the convention. Get the details of your national CITES Management Authority from the CITES website at www.cites org. For further information please contact the CITES Secretariat.

    48. Additional Slides

    49. Parties to the Convention Slide 49: Parties to the Convention CITES was established in 1973 as a result of an initiative by the IUCN - the World Conservation Union, based in Switzerland. The Convention entered into force on 01 July 1975. Today, there are over 160 Parties to CITES. In the preamble to the text of the Convention, the Parties: recognise that fauna and flora are an irreplaceable part of the natural systems of the earth which must be protected for this and generations to come; recognise the scientific, cultural and economic importance of fauna and flora in different countries; acknowledge that peoples and states are the best protectors of their own biodiversity; understand that international co-operation is essential for the protection of certain species of wild fauna and flora against over-exploitation through international trade. [Note to speaker: For an update on the number of CITES Parties check the official CITES website at www.cites.org. This is an alternative format for slide 6.]Slide 49: Parties to the Convention CITES was established in 1973 as a result of an initiative by the IUCN - the World Conservation Union, based in Switzerland. The Convention entered into force on 01 July 1975. Today, there are over 160 Parties to CITES. In the preamble to the text of the Convention, the Parties: recognise that fauna and flora are an irreplaceable part of the natural systems of the earth which must be protected for this and generations to come; recognise the scientific, cultural and economic importance of fauna and flora in different countries; acknowledge that peoples and states are the best protectors of their own biodiversity; understand that international co-operation is essential for the protection of certain species of wild fauna and flora against over-exploitation through international trade. [Note to speaker: For an update on the number of CITES Parties check the official CITES website at www.cites.org. This is an alternative format for slide 6.]

    50. The Appendices Slide 50: The Appendices At the core of the Convention are three lists of species, or Appendices. There are over 25,000 plant species subject to CITES controls - around five times as many plants as animals! Most of the plant species are included in Appendix II. Appendix I: lists plants threatened with extinction which are, or may be affected by trade. Trade in wild-taken plants for commercial purposes is prohibited. More than 300 plant species are included in this Appendix. Appendix II: lists plants which, although not necessarily threatened at the moment, may become so if trade were not regulated. This Appendix also includes species similar in appearance in order to secure better control. Trade in both wild-taken and artificially propagated plants is allowed, but is regulated. Over 25,000 plant species are included in this Appendix! Appendix III: lists plants subject to regulation within the territory of a CITES Party and for which the co-operation of other Parties is needed to prevent or restrict their exploitation. Over 30 plant species are included in this Appendix. For plants in all three Appendices, trade in artificially propagated specimens is allowed. All CITES trade is covered by a system of permits. [Note to speaker: This is an alternative format for slide 9.]Slide 50: The Appendices At the core of the Convention are three lists of species, or Appendices. There are over 25,000 plant species subject to CITES controls - around five times as many plants as animals! Most of the plant species are included in Appendix II. Appendix I: lists plants threatened with extinction which are, or may be affected by trade. Trade in wild-taken plants for commercial purposes is prohibited. More than 300 plant species are included in this Appendix. Appendix II: lists plants which, although not necessarily threatened at the moment, may become so if trade were not regulated. This Appendix also includes species similar in appearance in order to secure better control. Trade in both wild-taken and artificially propagated plants is allowed, but is regulated. Over 25,000 plant species are included in this Appendix! Appendix III: lists plants subject to regulation within the territory of a CITES Party and for which the co-operation of other Parties is needed to prevent or restrict their exploitation. Over 30 plant species are included in this Appendix. For plants in all three Appendices, trade in artificially propagated specimens is allowed. All CITES trade is covered by a system of permits. [Note to speaker: This is an alternative format for slide 9.]

    51. Nursery Registration Slide 51: Nursery Registration The CITES procedures for nursery registration are laid down in Resolution Conf. 9.19. This was adopted at the 9th Meeting of the CITES Conference of the Parties in Fort Lauderdale, USA in November 1994 and covers only Appendix I plants. CITES has not laid down any criteria for the registration of nurseries that propagate Appendix II plants. However, any national CITES authority is free to set up an Appendix II registration scheme with, for example, a fast stream permit system. This would be to the benefit of the local authorities and traders, however the registration would have no recognition outside that country. The Management Authority (MA) of any Party, in consultation with the Scientific Authority (SA) may submit a nursery for inclusion in the CITES Secretariats Appendix I register. The owner of the nursery must first submit to the national MA a profile of the operation. This profile should include, inter alia, a description of facilities, propagation history and plans, numbers and type of Appendix I parental stock held and evidence of legal acquisition. The MA and the SA must review this data and judge whether the operation is suitable for registration. During this process it would be normal for the national authorities to inspect the nursery in some detail. When the national authorities are satisfied that the nursery is bona fide and suitable for registration, it passes on this opinion and nursery details to the CITES Secretariat. The MA must also outline details of the inspection procedures used to confirm identity and legal origin of parental stock of the plants to be included in the registration scheme and any other Appendix I material held. The national CITES authorities must also ensure that any wild origin parental stock is not depleted and the overall operation is closely monitored. The CITES MA should also put in place a fast stream permit system and inform the Secretariat of its details. The CITES Secretariat, if satisfied with the information supplied, must then include the nursery in its register of operations. If not satisfied the Secretariat must make its concerns known to the MA and indicate what needs to be clarified. Any MA or other source may inform the Secretariat of breaches of the requirements for registration. If these concerns are upheld, then following consultation with the national MA, the nursery may be deleted from the register.Slide 51: Nursery Registration The CITES procedures for nursery registration are laid down in Resolution Conf. 9.19. This was adopted at the 9th Meeting of the CITES Conference of the Parties in Fort Lauderdale, USA in November 1994 and covers only Appendix I plants. CITES has not laid down any criteria for the registration of nurseries that propagate Appendix II plants. However, any national CITES authority is free to set up an Appendix II registration scheme with, for example, a fast stream permit system. This would be to the benefit of the local authorities and traders, however the registration would have no recognition outside that country. The Management Authority (MA) of any Party, in consultation with the Scientific Authority (SA) may submit a nursery for inclusion in the CITES Secretariats Appendix I register. The owner of the nursery must first submit to the national MA a profile of the operation. This profile should include, inter alia, a description of facilities, propagation history and plans, numbers and type of Appendix I parental stock held and evidence of legal acquisition. The MA and the SA must review this data and judge whether the operation is suitable for registration. During this process it would be normal for the national authorities to inspect the nursery in some detail. When the national authorities are satisfied that the nursery is bona fide and suitable for registration, it passes on this opinion and nursery details to the CITES Secretariat. The MA must also outline details of the inspection procedures used to confirm identity and legal origin of parental stock of the plants to be included in the registration scheme and any other Appendix I material held. The national CITES authorities must also ensure that any wild origin parental stock is not depleted and the overall operation is closely monitored. The CITES MA should also put in place a fast stream permit system and inform the Secretariat of its details. The CITES Secretariat, if satisfied with the information supplied, must then include the nursery in its register of operations. If not satisfied the Secretariat must make its concerns known to the MA and indicate what needs to be clarified. Any MA or other source may inform the Secretariat of breaches of the requirements for registration. If these concerns are upheld, then following consultation with the national MA, the nursery may be deleted from the register.

    52. CITES Definition of Artificially Propagated Slide 52: CITES Definition of Artificially Propagated The CITES definition of artificially propagated is included in Resolution Conf. 11.11- Regulation of trade in plants. The definition within CITES includes several unique criteria. The application of these criteria may result in a plant which bears all the physical characteristics of artificial propagation being considered as wild-collected in CITES terms. The key points are: Plants must be grown in controlled conditions. This means, for example, the plants are manipulated in a non-natural environment to promote prime growing conditions and to exclude predators. A traditional nursery or simple greenhouse is controlled conditions. A managed tropical shade house would also be an example of controlled conditions. Temporary annexation of a piece of natural vegetation where wild specimens of the plants already occur would not be controlled conditions. Also, wild collected plants are considered wild even if they have been cultivated in controlled conditions for some time. The cultivated parent stock must have been established in a manner not detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild and managed in a manner which ensures long term maintenance of the cultivated stock. The cultivated parental stock must have been established in accordance with the provisions of CITES and relevant national laws. This means that the stock must be obtained legally in CITES terms and also in terms of any national laws in the country of origin. For example, a plant may have been illegally collected within a country of origin then cultivated in a local nursery and its progeny exported declared as artificially propagated. However such progeny cannot be considered to be artificially propagated in CITES terms due to the illegal collection of the parent plants. Seeds can only be considered artificially propagated if they are taken from plants which themselves fulfil the CITES definition of artificially propagated. The term cultivated parental stock is used in order to allow some addition of fresh wild collected plants to the parental stock. It is acknowledged that parental stock may need to be occasionally supplemented from the wild. As long as this is done in a legal and sustainable fashion it is allowed. Applying the CITES definition is a complex mixture of checking legal origin, propagation status and non-detrimental collection. To achieve this the assessment needs to be carried out in close co-operation between the CITES Management and Scientific Authorities. The implementation of the criteria on a day by day basis needs to be tailored to the situation in an individual CITES Party. National CITES authorities should consider producing a checklist as a means of standardising the process and informing the local plant traders. CoP13 Amendments: CoP13 considered a proposal from the USA to amend the definition of artificial propagation. Check the CITES website to view the amended definition of artificial propagation.Slide 52: CITES Definition of Artificially Propagated The CITES definition of artificially propagated is included in Resolution Conf. 11.11- Regulation of trade in plants. The definition within CITES includes several unique criteria. The application of these criteria may result in a plant which bears all the physical characteristics of artificial propagation being considered as wild-collected in CITES terms. The key points are: Plants must be grown in controlled conditions. This means, for example, the plants are manipulated in a non-natural environment to promote prime growing conditions and to exclude predators. A traditional nursery or simple greenhouse is controlled conditions. A managed tropical shade house would also be an example of controlled conditions. Temporary annexation of a piece of natural vegetation where wild specimens of the plants already occur would not be controlled conditions. Also, wild collected plants are considered wild even if they have been cultivated in controlled conditions for some time. The cultivated parent stock must have been established in a manner not detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild and managed in a manner which ensures long term maintenance of the cultivated stock. The cultivated parental stock must have been established in accordance with the provisions of CITES and relevant national laws. This means that the stock must be obtained legally in CITES terms and also in terms of any national laws in the country of origin. For example, a plant may have been illegally collected within a country of origin then cultivated in a local nursery and its progeny exported declared as artificially propagated. However such progeny cannot be considered to be artificially propagated in CITES terms due to the illegal collection of the parent plants. Seeds can only be considered artificially propagated if they are taken from plants which themselves fulfil the CITES definition of artificially propagated. The term cultivated parental stock is used in order to allow some addition of fresh wild collected plants to the parental stock. It is acknowledged that parental stock may need to be occasionally supplemented from the wild. As long as this is done in a legal and sustainable fashion it is allowed. Applying the CITES definition is a complex mixture of checking legal origin, propagation status and non-detrimental collection. To achieve this the assessment needs to be carried out in close co-operation between the CITES Management and Scientific Authorities. The implementation of the criteria on a day by day basis needs to be tailored to the situation in an individual CITES Party. National CITES authorities should consider producing a checklist as a means of standardising the process and informing the local plant traders. CoP13 Amendments: CoP13 considered a proposal from the USA to amend the definition of artificial propagation. Check the CITES website to view the amended definition of artificial propagation.

    53. Detecting Detrimental Trade? The Burden on Exporting Countries Article IV of the convention states that an export permit shall only be granted when, inter alia, A Scientific Authority of the state of export has advised that such export will not be detrimental to the survival of that species Slide 53: Detecting Detrimental Trade? - The Burden on Exporting Countries The aim of CITES is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Appendix I includes those species threatened with extinction which are or may be affected by trade. Trade in wild specimens of Appendix I taxa for commercial purposes is in effect banned under CITES. Appendix II includes all species which although not necessarily now threatened with extinction may become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to regulation in order to avoid utilisation incompatible with their survival. Trade is allowed in wild Appendix II species subject to permits being issued. Before granting an export permit for Appendix II plants a CITES Management Authority must fulfil Article IV of the Convention. This states that an export permit shall only be granted when, inter alia,A Scientific Authority of the state of export has advised that such export will not be detrimental to the survival of that species This is, in effect, a statement of sustainability, which in CITES is termed a non-detriment finding. [Note to speaker: The slide shows Aloe gariepensis (Appendix II).] Slide 53: Detecting Detrimental Trade? - The Burden on Exporting Countries The aim of CITES is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Appendix I includes those species threatened with extinction which are or may be affected by trade. Trade in wild specimens of Appendix I taxa for commercial purposes is in effect banned under CITES. Appendix II includes all species which although not necessarily now threatened with extinction may become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to regulation in order to avoid utilisation incompatible with their survival. Trade is allowed in wild Appendix II species subject to permits being issued. Before granting an export permit for Appendix II plants a CITES Management Authority must fulfil Article IV of the Convention. This states that an export permit shall only be granted when, inter alia,A Scientific Authority of the state of export has advised that such export will not be detrimental to the survival of that species This is, in effect, a statement of sustainability, which in CITES is termed a non-detriment finding. [Note to speaker: The slide shows Aloe gariepensis (Appendix II).]

    54. Detrimental Trade - How and Why? Insufficient resources to implement Article IV of CITES Poor implementation of export bans on wild plants Smuggling Slide 54: Detrimental Trade - How and Why? 1. Due to a lack of resources Often the countries that are richest in certain plant groups are poor in resources to help them implement the Convention. When resources are available for CITES implementation they are more than often targeted at the implementation of the controls for animals. The plant trade may sometimes go unmonitored and permits are issued without an informed non-detriment statement being made. The information gathered may also be poor, for example when permits are granted at generic level. In this case, when the data are analysed it is impossible to judge the effect of trade at the species level. These problems of implementation are all due to lack of resources in exporting countries. 2. Due to inadequate implementation of export bans on wild plants Many CITES Parties have now banned the export of wild Appendix II plants for commercial purposes. They have done this in an attempt to control the trade in their wild plant resources. However, very often the bans are not complemented by the monitoring and control of propagation and nursery facilities. In such cases wild plants continue to be traded, merely passing through nurseries picking up documentation stating that they are artificially propagated and then entering the international market. Ideally, any long term export ban should be accompanied by a national nursery registration scheme. 3. Through smuggling Some wild plants are smuggled. Smuggling can occur by a variety of means. For example, large commercial consignments can be misdeclared as non-controlled species. The rarest species can be targeted by specialist collectors and smuggled back as freight or hand luggage. Specialist collectors have been known to fund trips to countries such as Mexico by filling suitcases with rare cactus species and selling them on return to Europe or the USA. Many plants are now smuggled through the postal system or, more recently, the favoured method is to use the extensive range of 24 hour courier systems. [Note to speaker: The slide shows Aloe castanea (Appendix II).] Slide 54: Detrimental Trade - How and Why? 1. Due to a lack of resources Often the countries that are richest in certain plant groups are poor in resources to help them implement the Convention. When resources are available for CITES implementation they are more than often targeted at the implementation of the controls for animals. The plant trade may sometimes go unmonitored and permits are issued without an informed non-detriment statement being made. The information gathered may also be poor, for example when permits are granted at generic level. In this case, when the data are analysed it is impossible to judge the effect of trade at the species level. These problems of implementation are all due to lack of resources in exporting countries. 2. Due to inadequate implementation of export bans on wild plants Many CITES Parties have now banned the export of wild Appendix II plants for commercial purposes. They have done this in an attempt to control the trade in their wild plant resources. However, very often the bans are not complemented by the monitoring and control of propagation and nursery facilities. In such cases wild plants continue to be traded, merely passing through nurseries picking up documentation stating that they are artificially propagated and then entering the international market. Ideally, any long term export ban should be accompanied by a national nursery registration scheme. 3. Through smuggling Some wild plants are smuggled. Smuggling can occur by a variety of means. For example, large commercial consignments can be misdeclared as non-controlled species. The rarest species can be targeted by specialist collectors and smuggled back as freight or hand luggage. Specialist collectors have been known to fund trips to countries such as Mexico by filling suitcases with rare cactus species and selling them on return to Europe or the USA. Many plants are now smuggled through the postal system or, more recently, the favoured method is to use the extensive range of 24 hour courier systems. [Note to speaker: The slide shows Aloe castanea (Appendix II).]

    55. National CITES Authorities Functions of the Management Authority include: representing the Party at CITES meetings preparation of COP proposals receiving input from the Scientific Authority production of annual reports issuing permits and certificates Slide 55: National CITES Authorities According to Article IX of the text of the Convention, each Party shall designate for the purpose of the Convention one or more Management Authorities competent to grant permits or certificates on behalf of that Party; and one or more Scientific Authorities. The functions of the Management Authority include: representing the Party at CITES meetings, e.g. the Conference of the Parties; the preparation of proposals for the Conference of the Parties; receiving input from the Scientific Authority; preparing and submitting annual reports on CITES transactions; disseminating information to all involved in CITES implementation; preparation and circulation of official information on the Convention; and, issuing permits and certificates. Slide 55: National CITES Authorities According to Article IX of the text of the Convention, each Party shall designate for the purpose of the Convention one or more Management Authorities competent to grant permits or certificates on behalf of that Party; and one or more Scientific Authorities. The functions of the Management Authority include: representing the Party at CITES meetings, e.g. the Conference of the Parties; the preparation of proposals for the Conference of the Parties; receiving input from the Scientific Authority; preparing and submitting annual reports on CITES transactions; disseminating information to all involved in CITES implementation; preparation and circulation of official information on the Convention; and, issuing permits and certificates.

    56. National CITES Authorities Functions of the Scientific Authority include: advising the MA that exports are sustainable advising on export quotas preparation of COP proposals reviewing COP proposals advising MA on the facilities for artificial propagation Slide 56: National CITES Authorities The functions of the Scientific Authority include: advising the Management Authority whether the export of specimens is detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild; advising on national quotas for export; assisting the Management Authority in the preparation of proposals to amend the CITES Appendices; reviewing proposals to amend the Appendices submitted by other Parties and making recommendations to the Management Authority; and, providing advice to the Management Authority on the facilities for artificial propagation. For further information on national CITES Authorities, please check the CITES Secretariat website: www.cites.org.Slide 56: National CITES Authorities The functions of the Scientific Authority include: advising the Management Authority whether the export of specimens is detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild; advising on national quotas for export; assisting the Management Authority in the preparation of proposals to amend the CITES Appendices; reviewing proposals to amend the Appendices submitted by other Parties and making recommendations to the Management Authority; and, providing advice to the Management Authority on the facilities for artificial propagation. For further information on national CITES Authorities, please check the CITES Secretariat website: www.cites.org.

    57. CITES Registration of Scientific Institutions Exchange allowed under a simple label system Both institutions must be CITES registered Transaction must be non-commercial Collections must be permanently housed and curated Applies to preserved and live plants Material must be legal Slide 57: CITES Registration of Scientific Institutions Conference Resolution 11.15 (Revised COP12) lays down a simple system to allow for exchange of CITES listed live and preserved plants between scientific institutions registered by their national CITES Authorities. The decision to register the institutions is made by the national Management Authority based on the advice of their Scientific Authority. Once the institution has been registered, the MA informs the CITES Secretariat, who communicates the information to the CITES Parties. The registered institution may then exchange CITES material with other CITES registered institutions, using a simple label system bearing a unique registration number. The criteria for registration include: collections permanently housed and professionally curated and catalogued; accessions fully catalogued; permanent records maintained for loans and transfers; and, acquisition and possession of specimens in accord with the laws of the State in which the scientific institution is located. To register your institution contact your national CITES Management Authority. Details of all CITES national authorities are included on the CITES website: www.cites.org.Slide 57: CITES Registration of Scientific Institutions Conference Resolution 11.15 (Revised COP12) lays down a simple system to allow for exchange of CITES listed live and preserved plants between scientific institutions registered by their national CITES Authorities. The decision to register the institutions is made by the national Management Authority based on the advice of their Scientific Authority. Once the institution has been registered, the MA informs the CITES Secretariat, who communicates the information to the CITES Parties. The registered institution may then exchange CITES material with other CITES registered institutions, using a simple label system bearing a unique registration number. The criteria for registration include: collections permanently housed and professionally curated and catalogued; accessions fully catalogued; permanent records maintained for loans and transfers; and, acquisition and possession of specimens in accord with the laws of the State in which the scientific institution is located. To register your institution contact your national CITES Management Authority. Details of all CITES national authorities are included on the CITES website: www.cites.org.

    58. Newsletters Slide 58: Newsletters This slide shows the front cover of CITES World the Official newsletter of the Parties. This newsletter is produced twice a year by the CITES Secretariat and is available in the three working languages of the Convention (English, French and Spanish). The newsletter includes information on a range of CITES issues, relating to both plants and animals. It aims to provide a vehicle for the Parties to communicate, and contributions are welcomed. [Note to speaker: CITES World is available from: CITES Secretariat, International Environment House, Chemin des Anmones, CH-1219 Chtelaine, Geneva, Switzerland. Tel: (+4122) 917-8139/40, Fax: (+4122) 797-3417, Email: cites@unep.ch, Website: www.cites.org.]Slide 58: Newsletters This slide shows the front cover of CITES World the Official newsletter of the Parties. This newsletter is produced twice a year by the CITES Secretariat and is available in the three working languages of the Convention (English, French and Spanish). The newsletter includes information on a range of CITES issues, relating to both plants and animals. It aims to provide a vehicle for the Parties to communicate, and contributions are welcomed. [Note to speaker: CITES World is available from: CITES Secretariat, International Environment House, Chemin des Anmones, CH-1219 Chtelaine, Geneva, Switzerland. Tel: (+4122) 917-8139/40, Fax: (+4122) 797-3417, Email: cites@unep.ch, Website: www.cites.org.]

    59. CITES Checklists Slide 59: CITES Checklists To aid CITES Parties in finding the correct accepted name for a CITES plant or animal, the Nomenclature Committee recommends the adoption of standard checklists. With Resolution Conf. 12.11 the Conference of the Parties adopted the Checklist of CITES Species compiled by the UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 2001 and its updates accepted by the Nomenclature Committee as the standard reference for species included in the Appendices. The UNEP-WCMC checklist is a condensed list produced in a single volume covering both animals and plants - a very useful tool for the CITES community. The production of this condensed list necessitates the exclusion of some data which are included in the adopted taxon specific plant checklists. In the case of plants it is therefore important to use the condensed list in association with the single taxon lists. This will allow you to have, inter alia, access to full details on distribution and synonymy. The full list of checklists is included in the reference section of this guide. For news of new checklists log on to the CITES website at www.cites.org.Slide 59: CITES Checklists To aid CITES Parties in finding the correct accepted name for a CITES plant or animal, the Nomenclature Committee recommends the adoption of standard checklists. With Resolution Conf. 12.11 the Conference of the Parties adopted the Checklist of CITES Species compiled by the UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 2001 and its updates accepted by the Nomenclature Committee as the standard reference for species included in the Appendices. The UNEP-WCMC checklist is a condensed list produced in a single volume covering both animals and plants - a very useful tool for the CITES community. The production of this condensed list necessitates the exclusion of some data which are included in the adopted taxon specific plant checklists. In the case of plants it is therefore important to use the condensed list in association with the single taxon lists. This will allow you to have, inter alia, access to full details on distribution and synonymy. The full list of checklists is included in the reference section of this guide. For news of new checklists log on to the CITES website at www.cites.org.

    60. CITES Identification Manual Slide 60: CITES Identification Manual The CITES Identification Manual is the core manual for the identification of CITES Animals and Plants. Its production is now co-ordinated by the CITES Secretariat. Until recently the green bound Flora volume was sadly lacking in identification sheets. This has now been remedied and there are a comprehensive series of sheets on the major plant groups. Copies of the manual and new sheets as they are produced are sent by the Secretariat to all CITES Parties. However sometimes the manuals do not reach the enforcement officers who actually need them on a daily basis. So, if you are working in CITES enforcement and do not have a set of the CITES Identification Manuals, contact your national Management Authority. You can get details of your national Management Authority by checking the CITES website www.cites.org.Slide 60: CITES Identification Manual The CITES Identification Manual is the core manual for the identification of CITES Animals and Plants. Its production is now co-ordinated by the CITES Secretariat. Until recently the green bound Flora volume was sadly lacking in identification sheets. This has now been remedied and there are a comprehensive series of sheets on the major plant groups. Copies of the manual and new sheets as they are produced are sent by the Secretariat to all CITES Parties. However sometimes the manuals do not reach the enforcement officers who actually need them on a daily basis. So, if you are working in CITES enforcement and do not have a set of the CITES Identification Manuals, contact your national Management Authority. You can get details of your national Management Authority by checking the CITES website www.cites.org.

    61. Tillandsia Air Plants Slide 61: Tillandsia Air Plants Tillandsia is a large genus in the Bromeliad or Pineapple family (Bromeliaceae). There are over 300 species in this genus and they occur naturally in tropical America. They are called Air Plants due to their poorly developed root stocks and apparent ability to draw their nutrients from the air. They are epiphytes growing on other plants and any substrate they can find. Many species are common and are widely distributed. Within their range of distribution certain species grow abundantly on telephone wires. Seven species are listed on CITES due to their restricted distribution and demand in trade. In trade they are novelty ornamentals for example bought as house plants in Northern Europe. Guatemala is a major producer and exporter, for example supplying the European market with weekly cargo flights of cultivated material. The CITES listed species are Tillandsia harrisii, T. kammii, T. kautskyi, T. mauryana, T. sprengeliana, T. sucrei and T. xerographica. Tillandsia harrisii, and Tillandsia xerographica are the only CITES listed taxa which are actually common in trade. Until recently the trade was thought to be well regulated and sustainable. However questions have been raised with regard to whether some cultivation methods used for Tillandsia xerographica are consistent with the CITES definition of artificial propagation and therefore sustainable. The CITES identification manual includes full details of the Tillandsia species found in trade. You can check the details of any discussions on the trade in Tillandsia by consulting the reports of Plants Committee meetings which will be posted on the CITES website. [Note to speaker: This slide shows non-CITES listed Air Plants (left), an Air Plant nursery in the Netherlands (centre), and Tillandsia xerographica (right, Appendix II).]Slide 61: Tillandsia Air Plants Tillandsia is a large genus in the Bromeliad or Pineapple family (Bromeliaceae). There are over 300 species in this genus and they occur naturally in tropical America. They are called Air Plants due to their poorly developed root stocks and apparent ability to draw their nutrients from the air. They are epiphytes growing on other plants and any substrate they can find. Many species are common and are widely distributed. Within their range of distribution certain species grow abundantly on telephone wires. Seven species are listed on CITES due to their restricted distribution and demand in trade. In trade they are novelty ornamentals for example bought as house plants in Northern Europe. Guatemala is a major producer and exporter, for example supplying the European market with weekly cargo flights of cultivated material. The CITES listed species are Tillandsia harrisii, T. kammii, T. kautskyi, T. mauryana, T. sprengeliana, T. sucrei and T. xerographica. Tillandsia harrisii, and Tillandsia xerographica are the only CITES listed taxa which are actually common in trade. Until recently the trade was thought to be well regulated and sustainable. However questions have been raised with regard to whether some cultivation methods used for Tillandsia xerographica are consistent with the CITES definition of artificial propagation and therefore sustainable. The CITES identification manual includes full details of the Tillandsia species found in trade. You can check the details of any discussions on the trade in Tillandsia by consulting the reports of Plants Committee meetings which will be posted on the CITES website. [Note to speaker: This slide shows non-CITES listed Air Plants (left), an Air Plant nursery in the Netherlands (centre), and Tillandsia xerographica (right, Appendix II).]

More Related