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Classification

Classification. Go to Section:. The Challenge. Biologists have identified and named approximately 1.5 million species so far. They estimate that between 2 and 100 million species have yet to be identified. Finding Order in Diversity. 1. Why Classify? To study the diversity of life

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Classification

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  1. Classification Go to Section:

  2. The Challenge • Biologists have identified and named approximately 1.5 million species so far. • They estimate that between 2 and 100 million species have yet to be identified.

  3. Finding Order in Diversity • 1. Why Classify? • To study the diversity of life • To organize and name organisms • 2. Why give scientific names? • Common names are misleading jellyfish silverfish star fish None of these animals are fish! Go to Section:

  4. Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms Some organisms have several common names • This cat is commonly known as: • Florida panther • Mountain lion • Puma • Cougar Scientific name: Felis concolor Scientific name means “coat of one color” Go to Section:

  5. Origin of Scientific Names • By the 18th century, scientists realized that naming organisms with common names was confusing. • Scientists during this time agreed to use a single name for each species. • They used Latin and Greek languages for scientific names.

  6. Slide # 6 Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy 1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification – binomial nomenclature • Two name naming system • Gave organisms 2 names Genus (noun) and species (adjective) Rules for naming organisms 1. Written is Latin (unchanging) 2. Genus capitalized, species lowercase 3. Both names are italicized or underlined EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man Carolus Linnaeus Go to Section:

  7. Linnaeus’s System of Hierarchy Kingdom Least specific • Which of the following contains all of the others? • Family c. Class • Species d. Order • Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same: • Family c. Order • Genus d. Species Phylum Class Order Family Genus Most specific Species Go to Section:

  8. Binomial Nomenclature Example • For example, the polar bear is named Ursus maritimus. • The genus, Ursus, describes a group of closely related bear species. • In this example, the species, maritimus, describes where the polar bear lives—on pack ice floating on the sea.

  9. Modern Classification • Linnaeus grouped species into larger taxa, such as genus and family, based on visiblesimilarities. • Darwin’s ideas about descent with modificationevolved into the study of phylogeny, or evolutionary relationships among organisms.

  10. Modern Classification • Modern biologists group organisms into categories representing lines of evolutionary descent. • Species within a genus are more closely related to each other than to species in another genus. Genus: Felis Genus: Canis

  11. Similarities in DNA and RNA • Scientists use similarities and differences in DNAto determine classification and evolutionary relationships. • They can sequence or “read” the information coded in DNA to compare organisms.

  12. Kingdoms and Domains • In the 18th century, Linnaeus originally proposed two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae. • By the 1950s, scientists expanded the kingdom system to include five kingdoms.

  13. The Five Kingdom System

  14. The Six Kingdom System • In recent years, biologists have recognized that the Monera are composed of two distinct groups. • As a result, the kingdom Monera has now been separated into two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, resulting in a six-kingdom system of classification.

  15. The Three-Domain System • Scientists can group modern organisms by comparing ribosomal RNA to determine how long they have been evolving independently. • This type of molecular analysis has resulted in a new taxonomic category—the domain.

  16. The Three Domains • The three domains, which are larger than the kingdoms, are the following: • Eukarya – protists, fungi, plants and animals • Bacteria – which corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria. • Archaea – which corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria.

  17. Classification of Living Things The three-domain system Bacteria Archaea Eukarya The six-kingdom system Eubacteria Archae- bacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

  18. Hierarchical Ordering of Classification Coral snake Abert squirrel Sea star Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia As we move from the kingdom level to the species level, more and more members are removed. Each level is more specific. ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Go to Section:

  19. Kingdom Archaebacteria Go to Section:

  20. Kingdom Eubacteria E. coli Streptococcus Go to Section:

  21. Kingdom Protista Paramecium Green algae The “Junk-Drawer” Kingdom Amoeba Go to Section:

  22. Kingdom Fungi Mildew on Leaf Most Fungi are DECOMPOSERS Mushroom Go to Section:

  23. Kingdom Plantae Ferns : seedless vascular Douglas fir: seeds in cones Sunflowers: seeds in flowers Mosses growing on trees Go to Section:

  24. Kingdom Animalia Bumble bee Jellyfish Sage grouse Hydra Poison dart frog Sponge Go to Section:

  25. Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.

  26. Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. • Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species. • evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data • shown with branching tree diagrams

  27. classification based on common ancestry • species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor • Cladistics is a common method to make evolutionary trees.

  28. A cladogram is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics. • A clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor. • Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor. • Each species in a clade has traits that have changed.

  29. 1 Tetrapoda clade 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade 4 Diapsida clade 5 Archosauria clade FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS DERIVED CHARACTER • Derived characters are traits shared in different degrees by clade members. • basis of arranging species in cladogram • more closely related species share more derived characters • represented on cladogram as hash marks

  30. CLADE 1 Tetrapoda clade 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade 4 Diapsida clade 5 Archosauria clade NODE FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS DERIVED CHARACTER • Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor of a clade. • Clades can be identified by snipping a branch under a node. FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID

  31. Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness. • Molecular data may confirm classification based on physical similarities. • Molecular data may lead scientists to propose a new classification. • DNA is usually given the last word by scientists.

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