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focusing on health & wellbeing. wellness in students. key points of this talk. self-determination theory & well-being. needs goals motivations. personal background. work through a small charity whose aims are :.
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focusing on health & wellbeing wellness in students
key points of this talk self-determination theory & well-being • needs • goals • motivations
personal background work through a small charity whose aims are: • to provide a specialist service both for the treatment of psychological difficulties and for helping people enhance their health and wellbeing. • to try to provide and encourage a whole person approach that uses what is best in conventional, complementary & self-help methods of health care for more details & a downloadable copy of this talk go to the ‘good knowledge’ section of www.goodmedicine.org.uk click on ‘lectures and leaflets’ and look under ‘wellbeing and health’ in ‘past lectures’
self-determination theory (SDT) looking at well-being through the lens of self-determination theory www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT • SDT is a general theory of motivation and personality that has evolved over the past three decades • SDT suggests humans, like plants or other animals, intrinsically ‘strive’ for need satisfaction & flourishing • social contexts can support or thwart this need striving with major effects for health & well-being Deci, E. L. and R. M. Ryan (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, Plenum. Deci, E. L. and R. M. Ryan (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry 11: 227-268.
key points of this talk self-determination theory & well-being • needs • goals • motivations
three key psychological needs • a basic need (whether physiological or psychological) is defined as an energizing state that, if satisfied, promotes health & well-being but, if not satisfied, contributes to pathology and ill-being • how these three basic psychological needs – autonomy, comp-etence & relatedness – can best be satisfied will vary with individual strengths, life stage, social context, and culture • personal goals that lead to satisfaction of these three basic needs will promote well-being, but individuals – due to broad societal conditioning and personal life history – may well strive for goals that do not satisfy these needs or enhance their well-being Ryan, R. M. and E. L. Deci (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am Psychol55(1): 68-78.
competence autonomy relatedness three key psychological needs • autonomy – personal choice not compulsion by outside forces • competence – capable & effective not incompetent & inefficient • relatedness – regular emotional intimacy & shared activities not isolation & loneliness Reis, H. T., K. M. Sheldon, et al. (2000). Daily well-being: the role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 26(4): 419-435. Sheldon, K. M., A. J. Elliot, et al. (2001). What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs. J Pers Soc Psychol 80(2): 325-39.
competence autonomy relatedness what makes for a good day? • people whose needs for competence, autonomy & relatedness are more satisfied experience greater well-being than those whose needs are less satisfied • at the same time, for each individual, days when these basic needs are more satisfied are experienced as better than days when the needs are less satisfied • it’s not just the total amount of need satisfaction, it’s also the balance that optimises well-being Sheldon, K. M., R. Ryan, et al. (1996). What makes for a good day? Competence and autonomy in the day and in the person. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 22(12): 1270-1279. Sheldon, K. M. and C. P. Niemiec (2006). It's not just the amount that counts: balanced need satisfaction also affects well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol 91(2): 331-41.
key points of this talk self-determination theory & well-being • needs • goals • motivations
many research studies on goals • Kasser, T. and R. M. Ryan (1993). A dark side of the American dream: correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. J Pers Soc Psychol 65(2): 410-22. • Kasser, T. and R. M. Ryan (1996). Further examining the American dream: differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 22(3): 280-287. • Lapierre, S., L. Bouffard, et al. (1997). Personal goals and subjective well-being in later life. Int J Aging Hum Dev 45(4): 287-303. • Schmuck, P., T. Kasser, et al. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic goals: their structure and relationship to well-being in German and U.S. college students. Social Indicators Research 50(2): 225-241. • Kasser, T. and A. Ahuvia (2002). Materialistic values and well-being in business students. European Journal of Social Psychology 32(1): 137-146.
your personal choice of goals which are your three top choices? • emotional intimacy having many close & caring relationships • financial success having a job that pays very well and having a lot of nice possessions • fame/popularity being known &/or admired by many people • community contribution helping to make the world a better place • attractive image looking good & appearing attractive to others • personal growth being fulfilled & having a very meaningful life
goals & their health implications key needs – relatedness, autonomy & competence • intrinsic goals prioritising intimacy, community & personal growth, tend to satisfy these three key psychological needs directly. • extrinsic goals prioritising money, status & image focus on achieving external rewards & praise – typically at the expense of key need satisfaction. prioritising extrinsic goals is associated with increased anxiety, depression, narcissism & physical symptoms and decreased vitality, self-actualization & well-being
goals & wellbeing e.g. emotional intimacy having many close & caring relationships; personal growth being fulfilled and having a very meaningful life; community contribution helping to make the world a better place encourage wellbeing “intrinsic” goals Sheldon, K. M. et al. (2004). "The inde-pendent effects of goal contents & motives on well-being: it's both what you pursue & why you pursue it." Pers Soc Psychol Bull 30(4): 475-86 goals are defined here as “projects you think about, plan for, carry out and sometimes (though not always) complete or succeed at” e.g. financial success having a job that pays very well and having a lot of nice possessions; fame/popularity being known and/or admired by many people; attractive image looking good and appearing attractive to others “extrinsic” goals unrelated to wellbeing
social context affects goal choice • Kasser, T., et al. (2002). Early family experiences and adult values: A 26-year, prospective longitudinal study. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 28(6): 826-835. • Feeney, B. C. (2004). A secure base: responsive support of goal strivings and exploration in adult intimate relationships. J Pers Soc Psychol 87(5): 631-48. • Sheldon, K. M. and L. S. Krieger (2004). Does legal education have under-mining effects on law students? Evaluating changes in motivation, values, and well-being. Behav Sci Law 22(2): 261-86. • Vansteenkiste, M., J. Simons, et al. (2004). Motivating learning, performance, and persistence: the synergistic effects of intrinsic goal contents & autonomy-supportive contexts. J Pers Soc Psychol 87(2): 246-60. • Sheldon, K. M. (2005). Positive value change during college: normative trends and individual differences. J Res Personal 39(2): 209-223. • Grouzet, F. M., T. Kasser, et al. (2005). The structure of goal contents across 15 cultures. J Pers Soc Psychol 89(5): 800-16.
social context affects choice! laboratory peer pressure Larson
goal focus affects daily well-being encouraging a focus on personally relevant intrinsic goals increases day to day well-being • King, L. A., J. H. Richards, et al. (1998). Daily goals, life goals, and worst fears: means, ends, and subjective well-being. J Personality 66: 713-744. • Sheldon, K. M. & A. J. Elliot (1999). Goal striving, need satisfaction, & longitud-inal well-being: the self-concordance model. J Pers Soc Psychol 76(3): 482-97. • Hoppmann, C. A. & P. L. Klumb (2006). Daily goal pursuits predict cortisol secretion and mood states in employed parents with preschool children. Psychosom Med 68(6): 887-94. intrinsic goal focus is promoted by providing explanation, a supportive relationship & choice
key points of this talk self-determination theory & well-being • needs • goals • motivations
reasons for personal goal choice 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 not at all completely because of this reason because of this reason • you strive for this goal because somebody else wants you to, or the situation seems to compel it. • you strive for this goal because you would feel ashamed, guilty, or anxious if you didn’t. • you strive for this goal because you really feel that it’s an important goal to have. • you strive for this goal because of the enjoyment or stimulation which the goal provides you. Sheldon, K. M. & A. J. Elliot (1999). Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: the self-concordance model. J Pers Soc Psychol 76(3): 482-97.
motivations & wellbeing “controlled” motivations “autonomous” motivations extrinsic motivations = because someone else wants you to or because the situation seems to compel it introjected motivations = because you would feel ashamed, guilty or anxious if you did not have this goal identified motivations = because you really identify with this goal intrinsic motivations = because of the enjoyment or stimulation this goal provides you encourage wellbeing unrelated to wellbeing for more details on Ken Sheldon’s work see: http://web.missouri.edu/~psycks
Gary Larson autonomous motivation encourages well-being with no one looking, Konor would secretly sprinkle on a few sprouts
goals, motivations & wellbeing “intrinsic” goals wellbeing wellbeing “autonomous” motivations “controlled” motivations wellbeing wellbeing “extrinsic” goals
SDT relevant for many areas SDT highly relevant for education & health care • well-being (34 papers): happiness, well-being, needs, motivation, goals, life course changes. • education (79 papers): for both school & university. • health care (36 papers & books): smoking, alcohol & drug problems, diet, exercise, diabetes (freely down-loadable treatment questionnaires also provided). • other (many papers!): 15 further subject areas that include friendship, parenting, couples, psychotherapy, sport, organizations, and political/ecological action. www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT
self-determination & education “it is nothing short of a miracle that modern methods of instruction have not yet entirely strangled the holy curiosity of inquiry” Albert Einstein
motivation especially important “comparisons between people whose motivation is authentic (literally, self-authored or endorsed) and those who are merely externally controlled ... typically reveal that the former ... have more interest, excitement, & confidence which in turn is manifest both as enhanced performance, persistence, & creativity, and as heightened vitality, self-esteem, & general well-being” Ryan, R. M. and E. L. Deci (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am Psychol 55(1): 68-78
amotivation extrinsic motivation intrinsic motivation non regulation externalto integrated intrinsic regulation a spectrum of motivations behaviour motivation regulatory style perceived causality regulatory processes non self-determined self-determined impersonal externaltointernal internal non-intentional, non-valuing, incompetent, lack of control interest, enjoyment, inherent satisfaction ranging fromexternal compliancetointernal synthesis
extrinsic motivation shifting from external to integrated behaviour motivation regulatory style perceived causality regulatory processes non self-determined self-determined external regulation introjected regulation identified regulation integrated regulation somewhat external somewhat internal external internal compliance, external rewards & punishments personal importance, conscious valuing congruence, awareness, synthesis with self self-control, ego involvement, internal rewards & punishments
crucial external to integrated shift • good rationale & clear achievement pathway provided (autonomy & competence) • within a supportive relationship that allows expression of feelings (relatedness) • genuine choice is offered (autonomy) social context encourages this shift when ...
key points of this talk self-determination theory & well-being • needs • goals • motivations
self-determination theory (SDT) looking at well-being through the lens of self-determination theory www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT • SDT is a general theory of motivation and personality that has evolved over the past three decades • SDT suggests humans, like plants or other animals, intrinsically ‘strive’ for need satisfaction & flourishing • social contexts can support or thwart this need striving with major effects for health & well-being Deci, E. L. and R. M. Ryan (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, Plenum. Deci, E. L. and R. M. Ryan (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry 11: 227-268.