The Underground Railroad

1. The Underground Railroad Anna Schreiner pd. 4 Maddie Akay Erin Cohee

2. Textbook • Early 1830s a group of free slaves and white abolitionists started helping slaves to freedom • The slaves would travel along routes that led them to northern states or into Canada • Many people would leave little secret signs out to show slaves the right way to go, for example they used noises or a certain symbol to lead them • Not real railroads, but network of transportation for runaway slaves • No central leadership; no one was in charge • Slaves left at night in disguises

3. Database • Noted as the more significant humanitarian efforts in U.S. history • Operated through the civil war • Hidden network of people and place • Escaped to north, towards Canada • Northerners provided slaves with food, shelter, and directions • Consisted of routes hiding places and assistants • Need money for food,transportation, and bribes • Traveled by foot, small boats, covered wagon, in shipping crates • Heavily used routes went through Indiana, Ohio, western PA • Tension between north and south grew

4. Book • Difficult to know who was going to help slaves escape or report runaway slaves • Slaves went days without eating and sometimes even drinking • Disguised northerners had a symbol on their house to represent that they would help the slaves • Harriet Tubman was a conductor on the railroads in 1849 • Railroads were established between 1830-1840

5. Artifact • Knapsack- to keep all their belongings in • Roll- something to eat • Knife- for protection and hunting • Gourd- to hold water • Extra shirt- in case the one they’re wearing gets dirty

6. Quiz Questions • What did they drink out of? • Where did the railroads lead to? • Who was in charge of the railroads? • What are two ways slaves traveled?

7. Quiz Answers • Water gourd • North and sometimes canada • No one • by foot, small boats, covered wagon, in shipping crates

8. Cotton Gin Abby Baram, Clara Ferrigno, Emma Benson

9. Eli Whitney • Born December 8, 1765 • Lived in Massachusetts • Was a farmer • His family emigrated from England • He attended Yale

10. Cotton Gin • A machine that removes seeds from a short staple crop • 1790’s, a demand for cotton increased rapidly • Cotton gin invented in 1793 • The South became known as the Cotton Belt

11. How the cotton Gin works • Put cotton into the top of the machine • Turn the handle to clean the cotton • Combs pull the seeds out of the cotton • On the other side of the machine the cotton comes out clean

12. Progression of cotton gin January 1, 1890 The cotton gin was improved April 1, 1793 when the cotton gin was designed

13. How did it affect the 1800’s • It increased the demand for slave labor in the fields • Increased child labor in the booming cotton mills • It increased cotton trade • Made production of cotton faster

14. Quiz question When was the cotton gin invented? And why?

15. Answer: It was invented in 1793 because there was an increasing demand for cotton.

16. Textile Industry Austin Ruggles, Brett Weitzel / Pd. 4

17. Info from textbook • Great Britain was the center of the textile industry • Richard Arkwright created a spinning machine called a water frame • Water Frame – Cotton cloth produced faster and cheaper • Rapid growth in textile mills • Influenced other merchants to build factories near water sources

18. Info from Database • Samuel Slater introduced spinning mills to the United States • Slater built a spinning mill based off of the water frame • The wheels of Slater’s machine were turned by waters of the Blackstone River • The mill machinery was simple enough for children to operate • Slater hired children ages 7 – 14

19. Info from a book • Mill companies hired children to increase their profit • Children were considered “free agents” allowing them to decide where to work • Machines of the early textile industry led to the development of the cotton gin • The increase of textile mills/factories influenced advancements in transportation

20. Quiz Question (Hide the answer) • Which invention, created by Richard Arkwright, helped produce cotton cloth quicker and cheaper?

21. ANSWER Water Frame

22. Eli Whitney’s Interchangeable Parts Mary Baniewicz & Hannah Thomson

23. INTERCHANGABLE PARTSTEXTBOOK INFO • 1798 • Interchangeable parts are parts of a machine that are identical • Easier to assemble and replace broken parts • 1801 called to Washington D.C. to give a demonstration • With assortments of parts he made, he quickly made muskets • Sped up mass production- efficient production of large number of identical goods

24. INTERCHANGABLE PARTSLIBRARY BOOK INFO • Fire arms and muskets-used to be by hand • Took 3 years for 1000 muskets before Whitney- People had different hand sizes so they all made different size parts • Basic manufacturing process- Because he didn’t know how to make musket • Business with federal government • Not dependent on one wealthy man • Put his company on a mill site because he needed water for machines

25. INTERCHANGABLE PARTSDATABASE INFO • His greatest contribution to society- firearms/muskets • One part could fit any part • Established future of assembly line • Hired unskilled workers not craftsmen • Received lots of financial support • Simple steps • War of 1812 request • Much more profitable than cotton gin- people took the idea

26. Quote • “One of my primary objects is to form the tools so the tools themselves shall fashion the work and give to every part of just proportion.”

27. Why was there such a big difference in the amount of muskets made, before and after Eli Whitney came up with his idea? • Eli Whitney used the basic manufacturing process. Before Eli, each musket was hand made, with the maker depending on the size of his hands and eyes to choose the size of the parts. The sizes varied from one size to the next. Whitney used simple steps, he kept and made the same parts over and over again, so if something broke you could fix it easily, and they are very easy to make.

28. Artifact

29. Prison Reform Mikey Sylvester and Max Harar PD 4

30. The Beginnings Prisons had many unfavorable conditions, some examples are • Overcrowding • Very dirty • Men and women sometimes kept in the same cell block • A lot of sexual abuse

31. Dorothea Dix • Dorothea Dix was a middle-class reformer, who studied teaching and writing • In 1841 she started to work with prisoners and mentally ill • Visited Prisons and reported illness • Advocated for the reform of mental health institutions • Had a nationwide effect • Tried to end overcrowding and cruel conditions

32. After • Prisons became cleaner and less crowded • However today they are still not perfect • In 1812 most children were removed from prisons • Tried to increase educational activities for inmates • Water closets were cleaned up and improved

33. Quiz Question • Who was the person who lead the push for Prison Reform? • Dorothea Dix

34. 1830`s Temperance Movement Grace Needham & Kara Hill / Period 4

35. Info from textbook • Took place during the 1830’s • Urged people to stop drinking hard liquor • American Temperance Society and American Temperance Union helped spread this message • Minister Lyman Beecher spoke about evil of alcohol. He said, “neglecting the education of their families--and corrupting their lives.”

36. Info from Database • Began in the nineteenth century • American Temperance Society was founded in New England in 1826 • Meant the imposition of middle-class and middle-aged values on the poor, immigrants, African Americans, Native Americans, and young men

37. Info from a book • To much attention to alcohol and not enough to God • Dr. Benjamin published a pamphlet about the effect alcohol had on the body • This debunked the widespread belief that alcohol promoted good health • American Temperance Society under direction of Rev. Justin Edwards • Women’s War of the 1870’s – women marched into liquor store singing and praying until the store owner surrendered and promised to stop selling alcohol

38. Quiz Question (Hide the answer) • When did the temperance movement begin? The early nineteenth century or the 1800’s

39. Reference • Hill, Jeff. Defining Moments Prohibition. Detroit, Peter E. Ruffner, 2004. • "Temperance Movement." Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century, edited by Paul Finkelman, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2001. U.S. History in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/BT2350040398/UHIC?u=newt92343&xid=1a41fb2e. Accessed 19 Apr. 2017. • Deverell, Wiiliam, and Deborah Gray White. United States History Beginnings to 1877. Austin, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 2007.

40. Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth Blake Silber and Ethan Rappaport / Period 4

41. Info from a book Frederick Douglass • Campaigned for Abe Lincoln. • Looked at Civil War as a way to end Slavery. • He got colored men to join Union Army(20,000 colored men joined). • He was an editor, writer and publisher.

42. Info from textbook • Frederick Douglass was a former slave who later joined the anti- slavery movement • Douglass escaped slavery at the age of 20. • Frederick Douglas became one of the most important African American leaders of the 1800’s • Despite the law against slaves learning to read Frederick learned in secret and was later asked by the Anti- Slavery movement to deliver speeches • Spoke on the Fourth of July in 1852 which helped the Anti-Slave moment gain the approval of the people listening

43. Info from Database • She sued Solomon Gedney for freedom of her son • Won Slander Suit • After the war was over, Sojourner continued to work with and visit freed slaves • She also came to realize that women were some of the most important members of the abolitionist movement,

44. Quiz Question How many colored men did Frederick Douglass convince to join the army? We will be taking 5 guesses

45. The Answer 20,000

46. Railroads pd.4 Justin Burns, Sean McCafferty, Joey Zelinsky

47. Info from Textbook • Part of the Transportation Revolution • The first locomotive was called Tom Thumb and was built in 1830 by Peter Cooper • It was faster than the horse drawn railcar being used at the time • People grew a passion for more railroads • Wagons moved 2mi/hr whereas early trains were able to move 20mi/hr

48. Continued Info from Textbook • Railroads began in the Northeast then spread westward connecting major cities • By 1840 about 2,800mi of track were laid, By 1860 about 30,000mi

49. Info from Database • Railroads originated on July 28, 1828 • The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company made the first line of railroads • By 1900 200,000 miles of track spread across the country • Railroads connected Midwest and south to the Northeast • From 1860 to 1900 the U.S economy grew by 400% • The U.S led the world in manufacturing

50. Info from a Book • Before railways they had dirt paths and waterways. • In 1807 railways started out as a tramway of wooden rails powered by horse and gravity, operating in Boston. • New Jersey Legislature grants charter to first railroad to John Stevens. However, did not succeed in building the railroad. • John Steven’s operation begins on a half-mile