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Geomorphologic Mapping by Airborne Laser Scanning in Southern Victoria Land

Geomorphologic Mapping by Airborne Laser Scanning in Southern Victoria Land. Bea Csatho, Terry Wilson, Tony Schenk, Garry McKenzie, Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH William Krabill, NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops, VA

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Geomorphologic Mapping by Airborne Laser Scanning in Southern Victoria Land

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  1. Geomorphologic Mapping by Airborne Laser Scanning in Southern Victoria Land Bea Csatho, Terry Wilson, Tony Schenk, Garry McKenzie, Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH William Krabill, NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops, VA Cheryl Hallam, US Geological Survey, Reston, VA

  2. Outline • Overview on laser mapping • NASA’s Airborne Topographic Mapping (ATM) system • ATM survey of Dry Valley • Examples of geomorphologic mapping with laser altimetry • Glacial geomorphology • Volcanic cones • Tectonics • Note: no agreement about the name of the technique, both laser altimetry and scanning is used 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  3. Principles of laser altimetry • A. Distance between sensor and ground is determined from measurement of laser travel time • B. Position of sensor is measured by differential GPS • C. Attitude of sensor is measured by Inertial Navigation System (INS) • A, B and C are combined with calibration values and correction factors to compute the position of the ‘laser point’ in a global reference system • Result is a set 3D points • For mapping applications grids are computed B C A 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  4. Why using LIDAR for cryosphere research? • Airborne and satellite laser is ideal for polar and alpine research, because • fresh snow is nearly ideal, bright Lambertian reflector • laser scanning provides simultaneously synoptic coverage, high spatial resolution and spatial accuracy • laser systems can map featureless terrain – problem for photogrammetry • laser systems have small footprint – problem for radar systems 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  5. History and state-of-art • The beginning: NASA has started a systematic mapping program in Greenland in the early 1990s • Current status: Laser is applied routinely for mass balance and ice dynamics studies over ice sheets and mountain glaciers • New sensors: NASA has launched the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) on January 12, 2003. The sole sensor of the satellite is the Geoscience Laser Altimetry System (GLAS), NASA’s first terrestrial laser altimetry satellite mission. The program is in calibration/validation phase • New applications: first surveys for glacial geomorphology 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  6. Dry Valley airborne laser altimetry survey • Goals: • obtain precise elevations the ICESat cal/val • assess the use of airborne laser for Antarctic mapping purposes • Joint project of NASA/NSF/USGS • Data acquisition: • Sensor: NASA’s Airborne Topopgraphic Mapper (ATM) conical laser scanning system • Survey: December 2001 • Results: coverage of selected site with an average laser point density is 0.1 – 0.5 point/m2 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  7. Why did we select Dry Valleys as ICESat calibration site? • Small annual and interanual variability • no vegetation, minimal snow/ice cover • Minimal cloud cover • Smooth surface at the scale of the ICESat footprint • Diverse topography (slope) • High ICESat track density • Maximum orbital altitude • Close to major science targets Mt. Erebus Taylor Valley 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  8. Why did we select Dry Valleys as ICESat calibration site? (cont.) • High track density (left) • Maximum range part of ICESat orbit (right) 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  9. Target areas for testing geological and glaciological applications 50 km McMurdo Station 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  10. Data acquisition system: Airborne Toporaphic Mapper, NASA/WFF • Installed in P-3 (Orion) or Twin Otter aircrafts • Specifications: • Spectra Physics TFR laser • Green wavelength • Scan with nutating mirror • 10-20 degree off nadir angle • 10-15 Hz scan rate • 5,000-20,000 pulse rate • Installed in P3-B Orion • Intensity + passive channel • 1 meter footprint size Conical scan pattern 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  11. Data Processing Steps 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  12. Accuracy of DEMsData Distribution • Accuracy • RMS error of 0.05+-0.5 m is estimated by comparison with 80+ ground GPS points. • Note: For most stations the exact height of the antanna phase center above the topographic surface is not known. Therefore the RMS error of the DEM might be overestimated  accuracy studies are ongoing • Data distribution: • USGS, contact person is Cheryl Hallam, USGS, challam@usgs.gov 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  13. Mapping glacial, tectonic and volcanic geomorphology at the Dry Valleys, Antarctica 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  14. Research interest • Glaciology, glacial and periglacial geomorphology Areas: Taylor, Wright, Victoria, McKelvey, Balham, Beacon and Arena valleys, Bull Pass • Glacier surface models • Drainage patterns • Patterned ground • Rock Glaciers • Mapping volcanic conesAreas: White Island, Mt. Morning, Mt. Erebus, Mt. Discovery • Radian Glacier to The Portal • Relationship between bedrock structure and ice flow 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  15. Research Interest (cont.) • Denton Hills • Fault Structure • Landscape Analysis • Wilson piedmont glaciers • lineaments and bedrock structure • Cape Royds • Pinguin rockery landscape 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  16. Target areas for testing geological and glaciological applications 50 km McMurdo Station 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  17. Beacon Valley Patterned ground, non-sorted polygons, Rock glacier surface 1 2 1 3 Jurassic sandstone and dolerite sills 2 3 5 km 5km 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  18. Closer look at the DEM 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  19. Target areas for testing geological and glaciological applications 50 km McMurdo Station 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  20. Canada glacier (Taylor Valley) 10 km 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  21. Target areas for testing geological and glaciological applications 50 km McMurdo Station 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  22. Denton Hills Shaded refief DEM from laser Landsat TM mosaic (USGS) 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  23. Cross-cutting fault arrayS of Joyce glacier 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  24. Quaternary fault, Garwood valley from Jones, 1996 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  25. Target areas for testing geological and glaciological applications 50 km McMurdo Station 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  26. Erebus Volcanic Province NE cone elongation and alignments 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  27. Surface signatures of volcanic fissures Horizontal stress direction SHmax Shmin Cone morphology – indicator of fault control (Tibaldi, 1995) 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  28. N slope of Mt. Morning Shaded relief DEM from laser alt. Landsat color composite 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  29. Details of cones on shaded relief DEM Fault parallel elongation Linear alignment and fault parallel breaching 3 km 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

  30. Conclusions Mount Erebus • Laser mapping provides precise and detailed surface elevations and DEMs • It is an exciting new tool for mapping glacial, tectonic and volcanic geomorphology • Further research is needed for further validation of the results and for developing tools for feature mapping and measurements 9th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences 8-12 September 2003 --- Potsdam, Germany

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