Chapter 8 Launching A New Nation

1. Chapter 8 Launching A New Nation

2. Tuesday, January 28, 2014 • Homework: page 287 1a • Do Now: Open to a new blank page either in your notebooks or your iPad. Label it Material After Midterms: Chapter 8

3. "First in war - first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen..." • In 1799, Congressman Henry Lee said this about George Washington. • Based on this quote, how do you think people felt about George Washington?

4. Washington Takes Office • The First President • Inaugurated in April of 1789 • Ceremony in which the President takes the oath of office • The Executive Branch • When Washington took office the government was very small • 75 post offices, a few clerks, and 672 soldiers in the army • Washington’s first job was to build a working government • Congress passes laws setting up three departments for Washington • Treasury • State • War • Each department was to be led by a secretary that Washington would appoint • Washington also appointed an Attorney General

5. Washington Takes Office • The first Cabinet • Alexander Hamilton – Treasury • Thomas Jefferson – State • Henry Knox – War • Edmund Randolph – Attorney General • Over time, Washington met with these men regularly for advice • They became known as the president’s cabinet • Judicial Branch • Judiciary Act of 1789 established a Supreme Court • 3 circuit courts were also created as well as 13 district courts • Main job of federal courts was to hear appeals from state courts • John Jay – first Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court

6. Wednesday, January 29, 2014 • No homework  • Do Now: Clear off your desks. Have nothing but a pen and piece of paper. Make sure your name is on it.

7. Judicial Branch • Judiciary Act of 1789 established a Supreme Court • 3 circuit courts were also created as well as 13 district courts • Main job of federal courts was to hear appeals from state courts • John Jay – first Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court

8. Washington Takes Office • An Economic Crisis • Revolution left the nation deeply in debt • We owed $52 million • Mostly in bonds • Many bonds were sold by the original owners to speculators • People who invest in something risky hoping to make a large profit • Should the federal government pay off debts from states? • No matter what, the government did not have enough money to operate • Washington even had to borrow money from a friend to pay his moving expenses from Virginia to New York

9. Washington Takes Office • A National Bank • Jefferson argued with Hamilton against this • Jefferson said the Constitution does not give government the power to create a bank (strict interpretation) • Hamilton said that the “necessary and proper” clause allowed government to do what it must to operate (loose interpretation) • Was a bank unconstitutional? • Either way, congress passed a law in 1791 establishing the bank, and the president signed it • Even today, people debate on a loose or strict interpretation of the Constitution.

10. Washington Takes Office • A High Tariff • Would raise money for the government and protect American businesses • The tariff was never passed by congress • The south argued that the tariff only benefited the north where industry was and would make the south pay more for goods which they needed • Whiskey Rebellion • Congress passed a tax on all whiskey in 1791 • Many farmers turned the extra gains they had left into whiskey and sold it for a small profit • Farmers compared it to the taxes the British had placed on the before the war • Many farmers had protests and refused to pay • In 1794 the farmers burned the house of the tax collector and marched in the streets of Pittsburgh

11. Washington Takes Office • Hamilton’s Plan • Alexander Hamilton had a plan to solve the money problem • U.S. Government would pay off all state debts • Create a National Bank to deposit government funds • Place a high tariff on all goods coming into the country • Paying the debt • Huge problem, but it had to be done because it would build confidence in America • Southerners opposed the idea of paying off the state debts • Many of them had already paid theirs • They reached a compromise • Southerners would endorse Hamilton’s plan if the new capital were located in the south

12. Washington Takes Office • Washington responded quickly • He sent the militia to quell the uprising • 13,000 troops • The protestors scattered • Very important event – Washington established the power of the federal government

13. Friday, January 31, 2014 • No homework  • Do Now: please take out your financial plans from yesterday and Hamilton’s financial plan (last night’s homework)

14. The Birth of Political Parties • Political Parties Emerge • Framers hoped that government leaders would rise above personal interests • People did not refer to political parties, but rather factions • Many leaders disliked the idea… at first • Including Jefferson, Hamilton, Madison, and Washington • Washington was very hostile to factions • Despite Washington’s efforts, two political parties began to form • One group supported Jefferson and Madison • The other group supported Hamilton

15. The Birth of Political Parties • Republicans vs. Federalists • Republicans • Led by Thomas Jefferson • Believed the people should have the power – strong state governments • Emphasized agriculture • Strict interpretation of the Constitution • Opposed the national bank and protective tariffs • Pro-French • Federalists • Led by Alexander Hamilton • Believed the wealthy and educated should lead – strong national government • Emphasized manufacturing, industry, and trade • Loose interpretation of the Constitution • Supported the national bank and protective tariffs • Pro-British

16. Tuesday, February 4, 2014 • Homework: *Read section 2 chapter 8 and political party packet • Do Now: Take out your notes from Friday. What is beginning to happen in the young United States?

17. The Birth of Political Parties • Election of 1796 • Washington decides not to seek a third term as president • Sets an important precedent • Republicans choose Thomas Jefferson to run for office • Federalists choose John Adams (was Washington’s vice president) • In 1796 elections were different than they are today • 2nd place candidate became the vice president • Adams wins the election • Jefferson becomes his vice president • This leads to trouble over the next four years

18. Page 294 key terms and people

19. Troubles at Home • Northwest Territory: • At the end of the revolution, the US won the land north and west of the Ohio River to the Mississippi River. • The British promised to remove their forts, but A DECADE LATER, were still there

20. Troubles at Home • Northwest Territory: • Native Americans wanted to keep their land • Several Native American groups joined together • Many Native Americans refused to sell their land to Americans. The Americans believed the future country depended on this land

21. Troubles at Home • Native Americans were attacking American settlers. • By 1790, Washington sent troops to end the attacks. • The Americans were defeated • The following year, Washington sent a larger amount of soldiers, but again were defeated • Over 900 soldiers were killed or wounded

22. Washington calls on Anthony Wayne • Wayne was a Revolutionary War hero • He defeated the Native Americans in the Battle of Fallen Timbers • By 1795, the Treaty of Greenville gave most of the Native Americans’ land up to the Americans (present day Ohio).

23. Troubles Abroad • Most of the Americans were supportive of the French Revolution when it began (1789) • They felt the French were following in America’s footsteps • A few years later, a period called the Reign of Terror made the French Revolution more controversial in the US

24. Reign of Terror • French revolutionaries executed 17,000 people, including the king and queen • Federalists view: bloodthirsty monsters • Republicans(Jefferson) view: sometimes injustices are to be expected when people are oppressed

25. Thursday, February 6, 2014 • Homework: minimum 1 paragraph (at least 8 sentences) • Decide if you are a Federalist or a Republican (look back at page 291) • Describe your beliefs • Describe how you and your party feel about the Jay Treaty • Do Now: clear your desks of everything. Take out a blue or black pen only

26. France and Britain are at WAR • US declares neutrality • We wanted to trade with both • Both countries saw this as a benefit to the other country • Both sides began stopping US ships and seizing their cargo • British began impressment of American sailors

27. We must stay friendly with Britain • They purchase 75% of American exports and supply 90% of American imports • Washington sends John Jay to London, he returns with the Jay Treaty • Americans agree to pay debts to the British • British agree to pay for the American ships it had seized, withdraw its troops from the Northwest territory (FINALLY), and stop aiding Native Americans

28. Republican vs. Federalist reactions • Republicans: • Angered because they were giving up too much in receipt of too little • Federalists: • Liked the fact that we were keeping peace with Britain Since Federalists controlled the Senate, Jay treaty won approval Read pages 295-296

29. Thursday, February 28, 2013 • No Homework! • Do Now: • Please take out last night’s homework ( page 297 1 a & b) • Please also have out your paragraphs from yesterday (Choose to be a Federalist or Republican and explain how you feel about the Jay Treaty)

30. Wednesday, March 6, 2013 • No Homework! • Do Now: • Please take out your homework (page 297 # 6 and Page 298 key terms)

31. XYZ Affair • Definition: • John Adams sends 3 people to France to meet with French officials (X, Y, Z) • French officials demanded a $250,000 bribe plus a loan for several million dollars

32. XYZ Affair • Cause: • French were angry over America’s Jay Treaty with Britain. • French attacked US ships over this and the US neutrality

33. XYZ Affair • Effect: • American Reactions: “War Fever” – Federalists wanted to declare war on France • Adams’s action: • Convinced Congress to increase size of army and navy • Sent new mission – Napoleon stopped seizing ships

34. Thursday, March 7, 2013 • Homework: • Complete classwork • Chapter 8 test Wednesday! • Do Now: • Please take out your charts from yesterday

35. Alien Act • Define: • Increased the time an immigrant had to wait to become a citizen (14 years) • President could deport any “alien” considered dangerous

36. Sedition Act • Define: • Made it a crime for anyone to write or say anything negative about the President, Congress or government

37. Alien & Sedition Acts • Cause: • “War Fever” made federalists and Republicans split farther apart • Federalists feared French immigrants – suspected them of bringing dangerous ideas

38. Alien & Sedition Acts • Effect: (Republican view) • Sedition act targeted the republicans – it took away their first amendment (free speech) • It violated the Constitution

39. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions • Define: • Written by James Madison (Virginia) and Thomas Jefferson (Kentucky) • Stated that the Alien & Sedition Acts were unconstitutional and states could nullify a law passed by Congress • Nullify: deprive of legal force

40. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions • Cause: • The Supreme Court did not have power to declare law unconstitutional

41. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions • Effect: What happened to the resolutions? • Had little immediate impact – no other state supported it • Boosted state’s rights in the future

42. Monday, March 11, 2013 • Homework: • Complete classwork – page 304 1-9, 12-14 • Do Now: Please cop down the following questions, leave room to answer completely • How did Americans respond to internal and external challenges? • How did president Washington set the course for the new nation? • How did two political parties form? • How did problems with France intensify the split between Republicans and Federalists? • How did the actions of Britain and France affect the US?