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Detectors at Synchrotron Sources now and in the future

Detectors at Synchrotron Sources now and in the future. The Detector Challenge:. Diffraction limit. ESRF (future). Synchrotron Sources. ESRF (2000). ESRF (1994). Second generation. First generation. X-ray tubes. 1900 1960 1980 2000. The Detector Challenge:.

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Detectors at Synchrotron Sources now and in the future

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  1. Detectors at Synchrotron Sources now and in the future Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  2. The Detector Challenge: Diffraction limit ESRF (future) Synchrotron Sources ESRF (2000) ESRF (1994) Second generation First generation X-ray tubes 1900 1960 1980 2000 Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  3. The Detector Challenge: ID19 Microtomography - Topography ID20 Magnetic scattering ID21 X-ray microscopy ID22 Microfluorescence ID24 Dispersive EXAFS ID26 Spectroscopy on ultra-dilute samples ID27 Industry ID28 Inelastic scattering ID29 Biology MAD ID30 High pressure ID32 Surface EXAFS - Photoemission BM5 Optics BM16 Powder diffraction BM29 Absorption spectroscopy ID1 Anomalous scattering ID2 Small-angle scattering ID3 Surface diffraction ID8 Spectroscopy using polarised soft X-rays ID9 Biology / High pressure ID10 Multipurpose ID11 Materials science ID12 Circular polarisation ID13 Microbeam ID14 Protein crystallography ID15 High energy ID16 Inelastic scattering ID17 Medical ID18 Nuclear scattering Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  4. Situation now ADSC, California, USA Large area CCD systems, mainly for PX • Integrating detector • ==> noise & information loss • Indirect detection • ==> losses & spreading Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  5. Situation now Visible light Visible light High resolution imaging with CCD’s Reflecting objective First mirror Simple concave surface Scintillator Eyepiece x2 Tube lens ESRF Frelon camera X-ray beam Intermediate image Beam stop Second mirror Small convex surface Scintillator is very inefficient Full tomo dataset in 10 sec. Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  6. Situation now Window 20mm 0.8mm 10mm Anode wires 0.8 mm 0.5mm Copper tracks GRP PC Board Gas filled detectors, parallel readout Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  7. Situation now FPGA Pulse Height X Fine PositionLook-Up Table ADC X Position 16 channels per board 8 boards Position X BTL Bus Coarse +/- 1 Timing Timing Histogramming Memory Hit Count X DPRAM Clock and Sync Generator X/Y Posn. Counter Hit Count Y DPRAM Y Position FPGA Pulse Height ADC Timing 16 channels per board 8 boards Position Y BTL Bus Y Fine PositionLook-Up Table Timing Coarse +/- 1 Gas filled detectors, parallel readout Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  8. X-ray photon Detectors for now and the future Direct conversion of X-rays to electrical signal Si, GaAs, Cd(Zn)Te,… best spatial resolution ASICS with intelligent pixels, single photon processing: counting, energy coding. No noise, no information loss 3D connectix for 4-side buttable Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  9. Really low noise: Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  10. Problems to overcome: • Radiation tolerance • Charge sharing • Yield • 4 side-butting (3D connectivity) • High Z sensors (GaAs, CdZnTe) • This can all be overcome by enough critical mass  COLLABORATION! • Limited energy resolution Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  11. Energy Resolving Detectors Silicon Drift Detectors: Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  12. Energy Resolving Detectors Silicon Drift Detectors: • Advantages: • - energy resolution 130 eV • Fast: 100 kcps per pixel • 2D systems possible • Large drive by space research • Well adapted to 12 keV and lower. • Advanced technology • Canberra and MPI-Munich/Milan poly technique Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  13. Fast Detectors:AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE Real device “Reach-Through” APD X-ray Beam Avalanche region Drift region Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  14. AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE • Energy range : 3 keV < EX-ray < 30 keV (limited by thickness) • Counting rate: ~107 cps • Dark noise:~ 0.01 cps • Energy resolution: 20 % @ 24keV 39% @ 12keV • Time resolution:~ 1ns Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  15. Head = APD + Pre-amplifier AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE • Hamamatsu • 5x3mm2 135 m available • =3mm 135m (proto) • EGG • 5x5mm2 110m • 10x10mm2 110 m Acquisition system : ACE (APD Controller Electronic) • Principle of use: amplitude (mV)  energy(eV) • 1 counter, 2 thresholds (high and low) for level discrimination • Counter with low level only = integral counter. • Counter with low-high level = counter in energy range. Acquisition system ACE (APD Controller Electronic) Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  16. CCD 1 CCD 2 CCD 3 CCD 4 Voie 1 Voie 2 ROI ROI ROI ROI Voie 3 Voie 4 Fast parallel readout CCD’s Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  17. Fast CCD-based Systems for Detection of X-rays and Electrons H. A. Padmore1, C. Bebek2, M. Church1, P. Denes3, J. Glossinger1, S. Holland2, H. von der Lippe3 and J. P. Walder3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 ALS, 2 Physics and 3 Engineering Divisions - CCDs for synchrotron radiation x-ray research - Development of optical CCDs at LBNL - Column Parallel CCDs - Status report Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  18. Thick, deeply depleted, back illuminated CCDs and CMOS CCD readout used in SNAP 36 CCDs/ 36 HgCdTe Light from telescope Shutter Spectrograph + Electronics Front-End Electronics Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  19. Prototype (almost) Column Parallel CCD Readout Structure N-CRIC 1 FPGA 51 channel aCP-CCD output - image correction - image compression 51 channel aCP-output N-CRIC 2 FPGA Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  20. “New” developments summary • Pixel Detectors: Asics and sensors • Silicon Drift Detectors • Avalanche Photodiodes • Parallel readout CCD’s • Plus others: high resolution phosphors, flat panel imagers, diamond detectors, ... Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  21. Characteristics of XFEL radiation • Photon energy X-rays: 3 up to 15 keV soft X.: 200 up to 2000 eV • Photon per pulse 1012 up to 1014 • Divergence <1 up to few 10 µrad • Source appearance ~ 100 µm (diffraction limited) • Bandwidth ~ 0.1 % • Pulse duration 100 – 300 fs (probably decreasing) • Repetition rate Macro-Bunch (MB): 10 – 120 Hz single bunch within MB: ~ 10MHz • Short pulse high energy radiation from spontaneous emission • Photon energy 100 – 400 keV • Photons per pulse ~108 / 0.1%bw Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  22. Accelerator time pattern Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  23. Time-resolved pump-probe experiments • Use X-rays and optical laser to pump/probe the investigated system. Both systems will be referenced timewise to the RF signal of the accelerator. • Laser-to-RF jitter • X-ray-to-RF jitter • Path length instabilities •  Time delay of Pump and Probe varies (~ ps) •  determines overall t adjustable delay pump beam sample probe beam RF detection systems A solution: Sample data at pump/probe frequency Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  24. X-rays Detector Particle selection Single molecule diffraction • structure solution without phases by collecting slices in q-space, • accumulation of identical orientations, followed by crystallographic procedures • 3D structure solution by oversampling and reconstruction methods Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  25. X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy x-ray pulse • Spatial correlations • Temporal correlations qy sample qx t= x-ray pulse sample t=0 x-ray beam splitter delay: ns – ps 1 ps = 300 µm precision 0.3µm = 1 fs From LCLS scientific case Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  26. Summary of requirements • General • Single-photon counting detectors seem impossible • Energy resolution (10%) for background suppression • High quantum efficiency • Very low noise due to dark current • Homogenity and distortions must be minimized • Data acquisition • Enable readout/storage at repetition rate • Correlate with photon beam parameters and diagnostics • Software integrated into data acquisition system • Time related requirements • Fast readout  10 – 100 Hz • Noise due to readout must not exceed dark current Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

  27. Conclusion Detector developers will have a lot to do in the years to come Heinz Graafsma; ESRF-France

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