11 th Grade Midterm Review

1. 11th Grade Midterm Review

2. The Enlightenment • John Locke- Social Contract. Right to life, liberty and property. Right to revolution. Ideas contained in the Declaration of Independence. • Montesquieu- separation of powers and a system of checks and balances.

3. Greece and Rome • Greeks- democracy • Romans- written law

4. Mayflower & House of Burgesses • Mayflower Compact: Agreement signed by the Pilgrims before landing at Plymouth. • Contract in which the colonists consented to be governed by a government that they created- self government. • House of Burgesses: Virginia colonists created the first representative law making body.

5. Common Sense • Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine • He wrote that it is ridiculous for the American colonies occupying a great continent, to be ruled by a tiny island like Britain.

6. Declaration of Independence • Written by Thomas Jefferson • Purpose: Justify the reasons the colonies had decided to become the U.S.A. • Key Ideas: People have natural rights • Governments receive their power to govern from “the consent of the governed.” • When government fails to protect those rights, people have the right to alter or abolish it.

7. Articles of Confederation • Weak central government. States had all the power. • States coined their own money • States made foreign treaties. • No Federal military. • States did not have to pay taxes to the Federal government.

8. Great Compromise • Problem: Large states wanted representation based on population. Small states wanted equal representation. • Solution: Bicameral Legislature- Congress. • Senate- equal representation. • House of Representatives based on population.

9. Federalist Papers • A series of persuasive essays in favor of ratification of the Constitution. • Written by: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison.

10. Articles of Confederation/ Constitution • Constitution provided a strong central government with division of power between state and federal government (federalism).

11. Bill of Rights • First 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, dealing mostly with civil rights.

12. bicameral • A law making body comprised of two houses. • Congress- Senate and House of Representatives.

13. Legislative Branch Responsibilities • Ratify treaties • Coin money • Declare war • Maintain an army and navy • Regulate trade between states and with foreign countries.

14. Senate/House • Bicameral legislature • House- based on population. • Senate- two reps from each state.

15. President Responsibilities • Appoint Supreme Court Judges • Sign bill into law • Veto a bill • Commander in chief

16. Power of the Supreme court • Judicial Review- declare a law to be unconstitutional.

17. Marbury v. Madison • Supreme Court case that established the precedent of Judicial Review. • Example of the “unwritten Constitution.”

18. Checks and Balances • Based on ideas of Montesquieu. • Prevents one branch of government from becoming more powerful than the others. • Example- A bill becoming a law.

19. Federalism • The division of power between state and federal government. • Delegated- Federal government • Reserved- state government • Concurrent- both

20. Amending Process • Formally changing the Constitution. • Congress approves by 2/3rd vote. 2/3 of the states must ratify the amendment.

21. Implied Powers • Powers of the federal government that are assumed to be necessary to carry out their enumerated powers.

22. Elastic Clause • States that Congress can make all laws “necessary and proper” for carrying out the tasks listed in the Constitution. • Stretches the powers of Congress.

23. Electoral College • As assembly elected by the voters that meets every four years to formally elect the President. • Winners of the popular vote have lost the presidency because they failed to win a majority of the electoral vote.

24. Unwritten Constitution • Things that are done in American government that are based on tradition and past practice, rather than on the Constitution. • Example: political parties.

25. Hamilton • Financial Plan: protective tariff, national bank, whiskey tax and pay off all the war debts. • Favored loose interpretation of the Constitution.

26. Precedents of Washington • Cabinet • Two terms in office

27. Farewell Address • Neutrality • Stay out of foreign affairs.

28. Whiskey Rebellion • 1791- government imposed tax on whiskey. • Angered farmers who distilled grain into whiskey. • Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay the tax. • Washington sent 15,000 troops.

29. Jefferson/ Hamilton Political Parties • Jefferson: Democratic-Republican. Favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution. • Hamilton: Federalist. Favored a loose interpretation.

30. Monroe Doctrine • No further colonization of the Western Hemisphere. • Any attempt to do so would be considered an act or war. • In return, U.S. will stay out of affairs of Europe.

31. Spoils System • Andrew Jackson • Nepotism- giving jobs to friends/supporters.

32. Jackson • Common man’s President • Vetoes many acts of Congress • Spoils System • Trail of Tears

33. John Marshall • Supreme Court Justice who strengthened the power of the Federal government.

34. Missouri Compromise of 1820 & Compromise of 1850 • 1820: Maine enters as a free state. Missouri as a slave state. Established 36’ 30 line. • 1850: No slave trade in Washington, D.C., California a free state, stricter fugitive slave law and popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession.

35. Seneca Falls • 1848- First women’s rights convention held in Seneca Falls, N.Y. • Elizabeth Cady Stanton convinced delegates that suffrage should be the first priority.

36. Manifest Destiny • Belief that it was god’s will for expansion westward.

37. Louisiana Purchase • Jefferson- switches to a loose interpretation of the Constitution. • Bought from France. • Doubled size of U.S. • Gain Mississippi River • Lewis and Clark Expedition

38. Indian Removal • Andrew Jackson forced Indians west of the Mississippi River. • Cherokees in Georgia refused. Won their case in the Supreme Court. • Jackson moved them anyway. • 1/4th died along the way.

39. Popular Sovereignty • The will of the people (vote).

40. Election of 1860 • Abraham Lincoln is elected President due to a split in the Democratic Party. • South secedes by the time he is inaugurated.

41. Emancipation Proclamation • Freed the slaves in the “rebellious states” (South). • Did not free slaves in the border states. • War measure to make it a war over slavery.

42. Jim Crow Laws • Laws passed by southern states after the Civil War that forced segregation of the races.

43. Plessy v. Ferguson • Supreme Court case that legalized segregation. • “separate but equal” • Reconstruction failed.

44. Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction • 10% Plan- ten percent of the male population of the state had to take the oath of loyalty. • LENIENT

45. Johnson’s impeachment • Dispute with Congress over Reconstruction. • Violated the Tenure of Office Act. • Found not guilty by 1 vote.

46. Result of Civil War • Power of the Federal government was strengthened. • States do not have the right to secede from the Union.