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Understanding the von Neumann Model and Computer Components

Learn about the von Neumann model, its key components, stored program concept, and sequential execution. Explore computer hardware, software, data organization, and the history of computing generations.

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Understanding the von Neumann Model and Computer Components

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  1. Chapter 1 Introduction

  2. OBJECTIVES Define the von Neumann model and name its components: memory, arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, and input/output. Understand the stored program concept. Understand the sequential execution of statements in a program. Name the components of a computer: hardware, software, and data. Understand the concept of a black box, a data processor, and a programmable data processor. After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:

  3. 1.1 THE COMPUTER AS A BLACK BOX

  4. Figure 1-1 Data processor model • Data processor model

  5. Figure 1-2 Programmable data processor model • Computers – general-purpose machines • Programmable Data processor model

  6. Program • A program • is a set of instructionsthat tells the computer what to do with data. • written in a computer language.

  7. Figure 1-3 • Same program, different data Same program, different data

  8. Same data, different programs Figure 1-4 Same data, different programs

  9. 1.2 von NEUMANN MODEL

  10. von Neumann Model • Every computer today is based on the von Neumann Model. • It is based on 3 ideas: • Four subsystems • Stored Program Concept • Sequential Execution of Instructions

  11. Four subsystems: • Memory – the storage area of programs and data. • ALU – arithmetic/logic operations take place • Control Unit – control Memory, ALU, and I/O • I/O – accept input data/send output data Figure 1-5 von Neumann model

  12. Input/Output Subsystem • The definition is very broad;it includes the secondary storage devices. • Disk – stores data and programs for processing

  13. Stored Program Concept • The von Neumann model states thatthe program must be stored in memory. • The memory of modern computershosts both • a program • its correspondingdata

  14. Sequential Execution of Instructions • A program is made of a finite number of instructions. • The control unit • fetches one instruction from memory • interpret it • execute it • The instructions are executed one after another.

  15. 1.3 COMPUTER HARDWARE

  16. ALU Registers Control unit

  17. 1.4 DATA

  18. Storing Data • Store data in the form of an electrical signal, specially its presence or absence. • This implies that a computer can store data in one of two states. • Binary number system

  19. Data organization • Although data should be stored only in one form (a binary pattern) inside a computer,data outside a computer can take many forms. • Data come in different forms: • Numbers • Text • Images • Audio • Video

  20. 1.5 COMPUTER SOFTWARE

  21. Requirements of von Neumann model • The programs must be stored in memory. (Fig. 1.6) • The programs must be a sequence of instructions. (Fig. 1.7)

  22. Figure 1-6 Program and data in memory Fig. 1.6

  23. Figure 1-7 Program made of instructions Fig. 1.7 Program made of instructions

  24. Algorithm • A programmer should • first solve the problem in a step-by-step manner and then • try to find the appropriate sequence of instructions that solves the problem. • The step-by-step solutionis called an algorithm

  25. Operating Systems • An operating system originally worked as a manager to facilitate access of the computer components for a program.

  26. 1.6 HISTORY

  27. Before 1950 • Mechanical machines (before 1930) • Early electronic computers (1930-1950) • ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)first general-purpose, totally electronic computerUniversity of Pennsylvania, 1946

  28. 1950 • The preceding computers used memory only for storing data. • EDVACthe first computer based on von Neumann’s idea,University of Pennsylvania,1950

  29. Computer generations(1950-present) • 1st generation (1950-1959)vacuum tubes • 2nd generation (1959-1965)transistors, High-level languages(FORTRAN, COBOL) • 3rd generation (1965-1975)IC(Integrated Circuit), Minicomputer, software industry was born • 4th generation (1975-1985)VLSI, microcomputer • 5th generation (1985-)laptop and palmtop computer

  30. Microcomputer • Microcomputers are designed to be used by individuals, whether in the form of PCs, workstations or notebook computers. • A microcomputer contains • a CPU on a microchip (the microprocessor), • a memory system (typically ROM and RAM), • a bus system and • I/O ports, typically housed in a motherboard.

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