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The Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankind’s place in the universe. Renaissance Humanists had mastered Greek and Latin Technical problems, dealing with weights and measures stimulated scientific activity

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The Scientific Revolution

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  1. The Scientific Revolution ISP 209 - 3A

  2. The Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankind’s place in the universe. ISP 209 - 3A

  3. Renaissance Humanists had mastered Greek and Latin Technical problems, dealing with weights and measures stimulated scientific activity printing press spread new ideas quickly Background to the Revolution People become curious about their world thanks to the Renaissance, Reformation and Exploration. ISP 209 - 3A

  4. A Revolution in Astronomy • New discoveries overturned ancient concepts about the universe ISP 209 - 3A

  5. The solar system Sun Planets Asteroids Comets Pluto Neptune Uranus Saturn Jupiter Mars Earth Venus Mercury Sun ISP 209 - 3A

  6. Historical figures in the Copernican Revolution Ptolemy – the geocentric model. Copernicus – heliocentric model. • Galileo – his observations by telescope verified the • heliocentric model. • Kepler – laws of planetary motion (elliptical orbits). • Newton – Laws of motion. Universal laws of gravity. ISP 209 - 3A

  7. Ptolemaic system Geocentric – Earth centered theory. ISP 209 - 3A

  8. Nicolaus Copernicus • The Earth moves, in two ways. • It rotates on an axis • It revolves around the sun ISP 209 - 3A

  9. HEAVEN HELL ISP 209 - 3A

  10. The Copernican Model ISP 209 - 3A

  11. Galileo Galilei ISP 209 - 3A

  12. Galileo’s discoveries in Astronomy • Galileo didn’t invent it • Built it better • 1st to look at the heavenly bodies with it • Craters and mountains on the moon • Four moons of Jupiter • Phases of Venus • The Milky Way consists of innumerable stars. • Sunspots move across the sun’s face. All of these favored the Heliocentric model. ISP 209 - 3A

  13. Galileo’s sketch of the moon as seen from his telescope A photograph of the moon ISP 209 - 3A

  14. Galileo made many specific discoveries through his observations. The general implications… ● The planets are objects like the Earth – ● The planets travel around the sun. ● The Universe is a lot bigger than we can see These ideas could be dangerous. ISP 209 - 3A

  15. The Trial of Galileo His Church decided that the heliocentric model was a heresy. But Galileo continued to argue in favor of the theory, and published his reasoning. The Inquisition in Rome accused him of heresy, and required him to answer. Found guilty of “suspicion of heresy,” Galileo recanted publicly. [A story, probably not true, is that he muttered “Eppur si muove” – “And yet, it does move.”] He was put under arrest and sentenced to prison. But because of his fame and age (70 years old at that time) he was allowed to serve under house arrest in Florence, for the remaining years of his life. ISP 209 - 3A

  16. Is there a conflict between Science and Religion? There is no major conflict today, but there have been conflicts in the past, e.g. the trial of Galileo. Another example is the conflict between Darwin’s theory of evolution and the literal interpretation of the Book of Genesis ().  This latter conflict survives today in the controversy about teaching Creationism in public schools. Pope John Paul II ordered a review of the trial of Galileo. Did the Inquisition make mistakes? (). (Speaking of Galileo’s judges in 1992) “This subjective error of judgment, so clear to us today, led them to a disciplinary measure from which Galileo had much to suffer. These mistakes must be frankly recognized, as you, Holy Father, have requested.” ISP 209 - 3A

  17. Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) Three empirical laws of planetary motion in the heliocentric solar system Each planet moves on an elliptical orbit. Confirmed the sun was the center of universe. ISP 209 - 3A

  18. Kepler’s elliptical orbits ISP 209 - 3A

  19. Isaac Newton Newton and the Apple Newton asked good questions  the key to his success (The apple never fell on his head, but sometimes a stupid person will say that, trying to be funny.) ISP 209 - 3A

  20. Gm m F 1 2 = = F a 2 r m Isaac Newton Newton solved the premier scientific problem of his time --- to explain the motion of the planets. To explain the motion of the planets, Newton developed three ideas: • The laws of motion • Universal law of gravitation • Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity. • Calculus, a new branch of mathematics “If I have been able to see farther than others it is because I stood on the shoulders of giants.” --- Newton’s letter to Robert Hooke ISP 209 - 3A

  21. What is the procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence called? Scientific method Who created it? Hint: Think Breakfast meat

  22. Francis Bacon ISP 209 - 3A

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