Age of Exploration 1400-1800

1. Age of Exploration 1400-1800 Focus your study less on the people but the motives and effects of this era

2. Overview Period of history when Europeans expanded and explored beyond the boundaries of Europe, European countries bordering the Atlantic rose in power, and Europe as a whole transitioned from an agrarian economy to an industrial, capitalistic, and commercial system.

3. Overview Additionally this era also saw the effects of the Protestant and Catholic Reformations played out in a century of religious wars.

4. Motives (the why) • Europeans were confined to one geographic area for nearly a millennium • European attempts at expanding (ex. the Crusades) largely failed • Europeans were intrigued by stories of foreign lands • Marco Polo’s Travels was the most informative description of Asia by a European traveler

5. Motives (the why) • Merchants, adventurers, and government officials hoped to find precious metals and new trading opportunities in the East • Religious zeal and a desire to spread Christianity throughout the world contributed to exploration • overall: GOD, GLORY, and GOLD • WHITE MANS BURDEN

6. Motives (the why) WHITE MANS BURDEN

7. Motives (the why) Leopold

8. Motives (the why)

9. Means (the how) • centralization of government allowed countries to devote money to causes such as exploration Spain and Portugal were first to establish monarchical control over their realms • advances in cartography allowed mathematicians and navigators to make more precise maps of the world • Ptolemy’s Geography, first available in 1477, contained the most accurate map of the world at the time

11. Means (the how) • increases in technology allowed ship-builders to make ships called caravels that were mobile enough to sail against the wind and engage in battle and also large enough to carry substantial amounts of goods over long distances • the use of the compass and the astrolabe increased confidence among sailors • knowledge of wind patterns made it easier for sailors to cross the Atlantic Ocean

12. Innovations

13. The Portuguese Empire… • Portugal • Lacked natural resources • Only had 1 million people

14. The Portuguese Empire… • the Portuguese led European expansionism--- In Africa • Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) sponsored the exploration of Africa in the hope that he would be able to acquire new trading opportunities, seek a  Christian kingdom allied against Islam, and spread Christianity • Also founded a navigation school for seafarers in Sagres. • Portuguese fleets brought cargoes of black Africans back to Portugal, where they were sold as slaves • new gold sources (found in the present-day Gold Coast) , ivory, and slaves pushed Portuguese fleets further down western Africa • the Portuguese leased land from local rulers and built stone forts along the coast

15. The Portuguese Empire…

16. The Portuguese Empire… • the Portuguese led European expansionism--- In India • in 1488, Bartholemeu Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope (southern Africa) • Vasco da Gama rounded Africa in 1498, stopping at Muslim ports along  Africa’s east coast before reaching Calicut, India • da Gama found exotic spices such as ginger and cinnamon in India that he brought back to Portugal and sold for a huge profit • Portuguese fleets wished to destroy Arabic shipping and establish a monopoly on spice trade • in 1509, a Portuguese armada defeated a combined Turkish and Indian fleet near India and created a blockade of the Red Sea to cut off spice trading to Ottoman Muslims in Egypt

17. The Portuguese Empire… • Lacked population and resources to maintain extensive settlements abroad. • Brazil • Dutch slowly moved in and took their position in the “East” by the 16th century.

18. The Portuguese Empire…

19. Voyages to the New World • the Spanish wished to find a trade route to the East by sailing westward from Europe across the Atlantic Ocean • knowledgeable Europeans were aware that the earth was round but had little understanding of its circumference or the size of Asia

20. Voyages to the New World • Christopher Columbus • Italian-born explorer and navigator • felt that Asia could be reached by sailing west instead of around Africa • persuaded Queen Isabella of Spain to finance his expedition after being rejected by the Portuguese monarchy • set sail on August 3, 1492 with three ships, the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria, and a crew of ninety men • landed in the Bahamas on October 12 and then went on to explore the coastline of Cuba and northern Hispaniola before returning to Spain • believed he had reached Asia and assured the king and queen that he would not only find gold but also convert the natives, whom he called “Indians”, to Christianity • went on three additional voyages in the hope of finding a route to the Asian mainland • in his four voyages he landed on all of the major islands of the Caribbean and the mainland of Central America, still convinced that he reached the East Indies 

21. Voyages to the New World

22. Voyages to the New World • Ferdinand Magellan • sailed for Spain after being rejected by the king of Portugal • passed through the strait later named after him at the southern tip of South America before sailing across the Pacific and landing in the Philippines • met his death in the Philippines at the hands of the natives • although only one of his original five ships returned to Spain, he was credited for leading the first known circumnavigation of the earth

23. The Treaty of Tordesilles in 1494 divided the New World into two spheres of influence.  Land west of the Line of Demarcation was reserved for the Spanish, and land east of the line for the Portuguese.  According to the treaty, most land fell within the Spanish sphere.

24. The Treaty of Tordesilles in 1494

25. Review ideas What made it possible for the Age of Exploration? What were the main motives for the Age of Exploration? How did colonialism look different in Africa and the New World in this time period?

26. Civilizations • Mesoamerica=modern-day Mexico and Central America • The Mayans • Yucatan Peninsula • The Aztecs • Central Mexico • The Incas • Peru

27. Map

28. Spanish Conquests– Aztecs (1519-1522) • Hernan Cortes landed in Mexico in 1519 • Cortes and his small troop of about 550 soldiers marched to Tenochtitlan, making alliances with Aztec enemies along the way • Cortes received a friendly welcome and gifts of gold from the Aztec leader Moctezuma (a.k.a. Montezuma) in Tenochtitlan, who believed the Spaniards were representatives of the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl • the Spaniards took Montezuma hostage and pillaged Tenochtitlan • the Aztecs revolted against the Spaniards in 1520 and drove them out of the city • the Aztecs, with no immunity to European diseases, suffered a major population loss as the natives died from smallpox • Cortes and his native allies recaptured Tenochtitlan • the Spanish destroyed Aztec temples and leveled pyramids

29. Spanish Conquests– Incas (1530-1535) • Francisco Pizarro landed in South America in 1530with a group of around 180 men • the Incas were thriving, but smallpox and a civil war weakened them • Pizarro seized Incan leader Atahualpa using superior military technology and had him executed • Pizarro, aided by native allies, captured Cuzco and established a Spanish capital at Lima in 1535

30. Spanish Conquests– Success was based on three factors The Spanish were successful in conquering natives because they had (1) superior military technology, (2) help from natives, and (3)immunity to diseases like smallpox. Cortes and Pizarro are examples of conquistadores, leaders in the Spanish conquest of the Americas.

31. Spanish Conquests– Encomienda System • the encomienda system permitted conquering Spaniards to collect tribute from natives and use them as laborers in return for protection, wages, and spiritual guidance • Spaniards in the New World ignored their government and used the natives to pursue their own economic interests by forcing them to work on plantations and mine for precious metals • 30%-40% of all natives died from such things as starvation, over-working, and diseases like smallpox and measles

32. Spanish Conquests– • Established a system to centralize power in their colonies • Council of the Indies • Under the Monarchy’s control • Established imperial administers • Required all that settled in Spanish America to adhere to the Catholic faith and over time remaining native populations were converted to Catholicism. Today it is the largest concentrations of Catholics in the World • How can this be seen today • Toponym • The Election of the Pope? • Population

33. Map

34. Africa and the Slave Trade • the Portuguese built forts on the western and eastern coasts and desired to control gold trading • the Dutch seized some Portuguese ports on the West Coast during the mid-seventeenth century (at the same time taking control of trading in the Indian Ocean) • the Dutch East India Company set up a settlement in southern Africa at the Cape of Good Hope • European exploration of the African coastline did not affect most Africans in the interior of the continent, but those living near the coast where often forced into slavery and shipped to the New World

35. Africa and the Slave Trade • primary market for slaves in the 1400s was the Middle East • at first, the Portuguese replaced European slaves with African ones (about 1,000 slaves were sent each year) • discovery of the Americas in the 1490s led to the establishment of sugar cane plantations • plantations needed skillful laborers (Africans were skilled in agriculture) • the small Native American population, weakened by disease, was not sufficient enough to work the plantations • the first boatload of African slaves to leave directly from Africa to the New World left in 1518

36. Africa and the Slave Trade

37. Africa and the Slave Trade

38. Africa and the Slave Trade

39. Africa and the Slave Trade

40. Africa and the Slave Trade • slave trade grew and became part of the triangular trade • European merchant ships sent manufactured goods (guns, gin, cloth, etc.) to Africa–>Africans shipped slaves to the New World–>European merchants shipped tobacco, molasses, sugar, rum, coffee, and raw cotton from the Americas to Europe • about 10 million African slaves were shipped to the Americas between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries (about half via British ships) • slave ships were packed and unsanitary

41. Africa and the Slave Trade • the journey of the slaves from Africa to the Americas, the Middle Passage, was dangerous, with as many as 10% of slaves dying en route and even more dying from diseases in the New World • some African rulers, such as King Affonso of the Congo, were concerned with the effects of depopulation on their societies • Europeans ignored African complaints, even raiding defenseless villages in search of new slaves • African merchants, rulers, and elites, as well as Europeans, dictated prices and were active in the process of slavery

42. Results of the two worlds meeting Intellectual and Cultural Columbian Exchange Technological advancements Commercial Revolution Change in Social Structure

43. Columbian Exchange

44. Columbian Exchange • Diseases • Killed more than 50% up top 90% • Small Pox / Measles / Chicken Pox • Killed Rulers and create more wars between groups in the New World • Starvation due to lack of workers • New world provided Europe Syphilis (Venereal Disease

45. Columbian Exchange • Animals • Pigs / Cows / Horses to New World • “Beast of Burden” turned from Llama to Oxen • Horses allowed more nomadic lifestyle than farming

46. Columbian Exchange • Plants • Wheat and Grapes to New World • Tomatoes to Europe • Allowed for population increases due to more food and higher caloric food • Potatoes and Corn • Irish worker ate 10 pounds of potatoes a day • Irish double population from potatoes

47. Columbian Exchange • People • Slave Trade • Repopulation of New World after dieses wiped out native population and allowed for population increases from food increases

48. New Mapping techniques Mercator

49. Attitudes Towards indigenous populations • New groups of peoples and new cultures created • Mestizo • Voodoo • Creole • Jazz

50. The Commercial Revolution • Global Trade • Increase in population • Rise in prices globally • Created a more money-oriented economy • Gold and Silver • Undermined the Feudal system • Landed Gentry (leased and from feudal lords to produce cash crops) • Putting out system signaled decline in trade Guilds as more mechanization came to bear • Banking groups • Medici in Italy