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Progressive Movement 1901-1921

Progressive Movement 1901-1921. Progressive Movement. Introduction. Progressive Movement. They wanted to improve society. They wanted people to participate in government. The progressives wanted social justice. Groups affected by the Progressive Movement.

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Progressive Movement 1901-1921

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  1. Progressive Movement1901-1921

  2. Progressive Movement Introduction

  3. Progressive Movement • They wanted to improve society. • They wanted people to participate in government. • The progressives wanted social justice.

  4. Groups affected by the Progressive Movement • Farmers wanted protection from the railroads, lower tariff. • Middle Class wanted protection from giant trusts and political machines. • Workers wanted safe working conditions and fair wages

  5. Groups affected by the Progressive Movement • People who worked in factories. • People who wrote about the injustices in big business. • Corporate Leaders had to change their business practices. • Children who worked long hours. • Farmers sought better money for their crops.

  6. Groups affected by the Progressive Movement • The Populists, a third party, expressed farmers’ grievances. • The Populists wanted “to restore government to the people.”

  7. Ida Tarbell wrote an article on the corruption of Standard Oil “Rockefeller and his associates did not build the Standard Oil Co. in the board rooms of Wall Street banks. They fought their way to control by rebate and drawback, bribe and blackmail, espionage and price cutting, by ruthless ... efficiency of organization.”

  8. Upton Sinclair- The Jungle(the meat packing industry) "Here is a population, low-class and mostly foreign, hanging always on the verge of starvation and dependent for its opportunities of life upon the whim of men every bit as brutal and unscrupulous as the old-time slave drivers; under such circumstances, immorality is exactly as inevitable, and as prevalent, as it is under the system of chattel slavery." Chapter 10, pg. 126

  9. Frank Norris- The Octopus (the struggles of railroad workers & wheat growers) “The People have a right to the Truth as they have a right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.“

  10. Lincoln Steffen: wrote about political corruption • He wrote about political corruption in St. Louis and compared the corruption to Boss Tweed in New York. The article appeared in Mc Clure’s “Power is what men seek and any group that gets it will abuse it.”

  11. IMMIGRATION ISSUES PART I

  12. Rise of Immigration • Many immigrants came from Southern or Eastern Europe. • They were Catholic, Jewish or Greek Orthodox, Canadians, Armenians and Arabs. • They came for religious freedom and to escape poverty. • US became a melting pot of groups. • The immigrants stayed within their own communities.

  13. Anti-immigration laws • The government wanted to restrict the number of immigrants. • They passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1888. It denied the citizenship to Chinese immigrants and stopped the immigration of Chinese labors.

  14. URBAN ISSUES PART II

  15. Improvement of American Society-Urban Living • City landscapes changed because of the rise of immigrants and migrants moving into the city. • With the creation of elevators by Elisha Otis, skyscrapers were built. • Mass transit like commuter trains, subways and trolley made it easier for people to move around.

  16. Problem with Urban Living: Tenements • They were dark, airless buildings where 12 or more families lived on one floor. • Outside the tenements, it was dirty, lots of pollution from the factories and lots of garbage.

  17. Problems with Urban Living: Tenements • Jacob Riis wrote How the Other HalfLives. It dealt with living in the slums. • Diseases such as tuberculosis spread throughout the slums.

  18. Improvement of Living Styles • The Middle Class and upper class moved to suburbs to escape the congestion and filth of the cities. • The progressive leaders passed laws that regulated how buildings were built. • Buildings have fire escapes • Better air and light requirements • Room size • sanitation

  19. LABOR ISSUES PART III

  20. Labor Issues • Workers worked in unsafe conditions: • Breathing sawdust in the factories • Breathing coal dust in the mines • Workers wanted higher wages • Workers wanted shorter work days • Workers received worker’s compensation and insurance in 1902 • The Supreme Court ruled in favor of “Big Business” because it violated worker’s liberty to work.

  21. Labor Unrest • Workers who worked long hours and unsafe conditions began to protest. • The Great Upheaval, in 1886, meant intense strikes and violent confrontations. • There were coal strikes, factory strikes and railroad strikes. • There was lots of mob violence.

  22. Labor Unions-were created to protect the workers • National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor began to form unions but they failed to achieve power • The American Federation of Labor (AFl) was more successful. • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or wobblies fought for worker rights. • The union worked for political power.

  23. Samuel Gompers • Samuel Gompers of AFL pushed for union bargaining power. • He changed the organization of the union. • He called the craft groups federations, and they worked together in strikes and boycotts.

  24. Labor Reform: Child Labor • Florence Kelley led the National Child Labor Committee • Some states ended the employment of children • Some states reduced the number of hours children could work. “In order to be rated as good as a good man in the field of her earnings, she must show herself better than he. She must be more steady, or more trustworthy, or more skilled, or more cheap in order to have the same chance of employment. “

  25. Labor Reform: Minimum Wage • Massachusetts passed the first minimum- wage law. • Many other states set a wage base. • In 1938, the government finally passed a minimum-wage law for all workers.

  26. REFORM MOVEMENT PART IV

  27. Social and Economic Reforms • Protection for farmers, tenement dwellers, consumers • Expand government regulation to protect the economy and public interest • Regulation of the railroads, public utilities

  28. The Interstate Commerce Act • In 1887, The Interstate Commerce Act prohibited Railroad owners from price fixing and dividing certain areas to protect their interest. • The Interstate Commerce Commission would enforce the law.

  29. Reform Programs:Jane Addams • There was a rise of poverty, so social programs were established. • Settlement Houses were community centers. • Jane Addams established Hull House “Civilization is a method of living and an attitude of equal respect for all people.” Jane Addams

  30. Reform Programs:Social Gospel • There was a rise of poverty, so social programs were established. • Social Gospel was a belief in applying Christian values to solve society’s problems

  31. Reform Programs:The Salvation Army • There was a rise of poverty, so social programs were established. • The Salvation Army helped with putting people on the path of physical and spiritual salvation

  32. Booker T. Washington: A Social Reformer • He established Tuskegee Institute in 1881. • He believed that Negroes could succeed in society if Negroes had economic power. • Having economic power would lead to political power “I have learned that success is to be measured not so much by the position that one has reached in life as by the obstacles which he has had to overcome while trying to succeed. “

  33. YMCA • The YMCA (or Young Men's Christian Association) is an ecumenicalChristian organization seeking to provide support for young people and their activities. • It states its goal as "seeking to build a human community of justice with love, peace and reconciliation."

  34. Social Darwinism • Carnegie was opposed to giving out handouts and direct aid to the poor. • He believed in the theory of Social Darwinism. It states that the fittest people would rise to power and unfit would fail. • Carnegie supported philanthropy which is giving to charities to promote public welfare. He gave $350 million to charties

  35. Social Darwinism • Yale Professor-William Graham Sumner supported Social Darwinism • He also originated the concept of ethnocentrism, a term now commonly used to designate attitudes of superiority about one's own group in comparison with others.

  36. Social Darwinism A drunkard in the gutter is just where he ought to be, according to the fitness and tendency of things. Nature has set upon him the process of decline and dissolution by which she removes things which have survived their usefulness. William Graham Sumner

  37. Temperance Movement • There was a movement to ban the use of Alcohol. • The 18th Amendment banned the use and manufacturing of alcohol.

  38. Billy Sunday:Led the Temperance Movement Billy Sunday stated the saloon was “the sum of all villainies” and “the parent of crimes and the mother of sin. He led the temperance movement. “After all is said that can be said upon the liquor traffic, its influence is degrading upon the individual, the family, politics and business, and upon everything that you touch in this old world.”

  39. POLITICAL REFORM PART V

  40. Political Machines • The political machine consisted of three elements: • part bosses or a county committee, which governed the party, machine and controlled the politicians; • election district captains who mobilized and organized support at the neighborhood level; • party loyalists who supported the machine with votes and financial support in return for jobs, favors and help provided by bosses and election district captains.

  41. Political Machines • Boss Tweed led the political machine in New York ( Tammany Hall) • He received lots of kickback from political leaders. • He was to become a symbol of corruption in government.

  42. Boss Tweed lead the political machines “The way to have power is to take it.” “I don't care who does the electing, so long as I get to do the nominating.“

  43. Political Reform • stop political machines • city managers would reduce the power of political machines • Direct primaries-people would elect leaders rather parties • initiative-introduce legislation • Referendum-petition legislation • Recall- be able to remove an elected official

  44. Political Reform • 16th Amendment -Income Tax was authorized because it would make up for the lost revenue in lowering tariffs • 17th Amendment -Directelection ofsenators because it would give more power to the people.

  45. Political Reform • 18th Amendment-Alcohol was banned • 19th Amendment -Women were allowedto vote

  46. POLITICAL LEADERS PART VI

  47. Robert La Follette-Governor of Wisconsin brought the direct primary to Wisconsin which let the citizen vote for candidate. Responsible for the initiative, recall and referendum Charles Evan Hughes- a lawyer regulated the insurance and protected the companies. Political Reformers

  48. Political Reformers • Hiram Johnson was governor and senator for California and led the Bull Moose Party • He backed strongly progressive bills • a state civil service system, • eight-hour works days for women, • strong guidelines for child labor. • success in limiting the power of the railroads that gained him national attention. A new State Utilities Act gave the state railroad commission sweeping powers.

  49. Political Leader:Teddy Roosevelt • Governor of New York • Led the Rough Riders • At age 42, youngest elected President • Vice President of McKinley • Wanted to give a Square Deal for all Americans

  50. Teddy Roosevelt:The Square Deal • Trustbusting was breaking the power of monopolies. • He was a trustbuster- Northern Securities Company which controlled the railroad in the northwest • Settle the Anthracite Coal Strike (1902) • Conservation President-national parks the land was protected from industry • Newland Act (1902)- money for irrigation projects

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