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BENCHMARK 3

BENCHMARK 3 . Study Guide . Review Laboratory safety / Safety symbols See Textbook biological hazard Electrical hazard . 2. Microscope: Parts & their function / magnification / how specimens are viewed

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BENCHMARK 3

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  1. BENCHMARK 3 Study Guide

  2. Review Laboratory safety / Safety symbols • See Textbook • biological hazard Electrical hazard

  3. 2. Microscope: Parts & their function / magnification / how specimens are viewed • Objective lens – for magnification • Diaphram – for amount of light • Body tube- light passes thru • Coarse adjustment –for focusing • Fine adjustment- for fine tuning • Magnification - objective lens X eyepiece • Viewed specimens are upside down and backwards • Power: Ocular :10 Objective :40 =Total Mag: 400

  4. Independent / Dependent variables • Only one variable tested at a time • Independent - variable being tested • Dependent - variable being measured

  5. 4. Qualitative vs. quantitative observations • Qualitative – involves characteristics • Quantitative – involves numbers

  6. 5. Measurements ( length , mass ) • Length - mm, cm, “m”, km • Mass - mg, “g”, kg

  7. 6. Reading & analyzing graphs / charts / experimental data • See textbook / notes

  8. 7. Polarity of water • Negative on Oxygen side, positive on Hydrogen side

  9. 8. Ionic vs. Covalent bonding “ Want to fill the outer energy level with 8 electrons “ ( makes it stable ) • Ionic - loses / gains electrons • Covalent – share electrons

  10. 9. pH ( acids , bases, & neutral solutions ) • pH 7 is neutral • Below pH 7 is an acid / above 7 is a base

  11. 10. Eukaryote cells vs. Prokaryote cells • Eukaryote – has nucleus ( Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists ) • Prokaryotes – no nucleus ( Bacteria )

  12. 11. Difference between plant and animal cells • Plant – has cell wall, cholorplasts containing chlorophyll, large vacuoles • Animal – no cell wall, no chloroplasts, small vacuoles, cell membrane

  13. 12 Cell Structure and Function • Nucleus carries the genetic code • Lysosomes digests used and worn out parts of a cell • Ribosomessite for the production of proteins • Vacuolesstores water, wastes, and food ( large in plant cells )

  14. 12 Cell Structure and Function • Mitochondria “ Releases energy” “ powerhouse of the cell”“breaks down sugar” ( many are in cells that need much energy such as muscle cells) • Chloroplastsin plants , responsible for the process of photosynthesis • Golgi bodies packages proteins • Cell wall in plants for protection and support

  15. 13. Purpose of enzymes / enzyme action • Enzymes are proteins Substrate fits into the active site • Enzymes lower the amount energy required to start a chemical reaction • They can be destroyed with high temperatures / pH

  16. 14. Cells placed in hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic solutions • Hypertonic - cell will shrink • Hypotonic – cell will swell • Isotonic – cell will stay the same

  17. 15. Purpose of photosynthesis / cellular respiration • Photosynthesis – to make food • Cellular respiration - to make energy from food

  18. 16. Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration ( Reactants & products ) • Carbon dioxide + water + light yields sugar + oxygen • Sugar + oxygen Yields carbon dioxide + water + energy ( ATP)

  19. 17. Alcoholic vs. lactic acid fermentation • Alcoholic - used in making bread, yogurt, beer & wine • Lactic acid – causes muscle soreness Anaerobic ( without Oxygen )

  20. 18. Practice with punnett squares ( complete , incomplete , and sex-linked genes ) • Be familiar with terms “ homozygous, heterozygous, genetic ratios • Sex-linked -- hemophilia, color blindness ( recessive genes )

  21. 19. Purpose of mitosis and meiosis • Mitosis – occurs in all body cells • Meiosis – occurs in reproductive structures ( formation of gametes ) • Meiosis ensures daughter cells ( sex cells ) will have one kind of gene and half the number of chromosomes • “ Sex cells pass on genetic information to offspring “

  22. 20. Compare mitosis and meiosis ( haploid vs. diploid ) • Mitosis - diploid number • Meiosis - haploid number • Exp: if the body cell has 20 chromosoomes, sex cells have 10

  23. 21. Difference between sexual & asexual reproduction • Sexual - two parents • Asexual – one parent • Exp. Bacteria reproduce by binary fission

  24. 22. Purpose of DNA and RNA • Both are needed for Protein synthesis • DNA – stores genetic information • RNA – takes genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm to make proteins

  25. 23. Compare DNA and RNA • DNA – has sugar, phosphate, and base ( G, C, T, A ) • RNA – has sugar, phosphate, and base ( G ,C, U, A )

  26. DNA replication Enzymes: DNA Helicase : Unzips (Cugts in HALF) DNA Polymerase : Connects Sugars and Phosphates example A T TT C G A C C G T T A AA G C T G G C A

  27. 25. Transcription and the Genetic code. • RNA Polymerase : Opens DNA adds RNA nucleotides : • Initiation • Elogation • Termination DNA : A T T G G C RNA : U A A C C G

  28. 26. Describe the 4 organic molecules • Proteins – are enzymes • Carbohydrates – main source of energy • Lipids – fats ( store energy ) • Nucleic acids – contain genetic information

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