Name the Seven Dwarves

1. Name the Seven Dwarves Take out a piece of paper

2. Difficulty of Task • Was the exercise easy or difficult. It depends on what factors? • Whether you like Disney movies • how long ago you watched the movie • how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember

3. As you might have guessed, the next topic we are going to examine is……. Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. So what was the point of the seven dwarves exercise?

4. The Memory process • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval

5. Encoding • The processing of information into the memory system. Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party

6. Storage • The retention of encoded material over time. Trying to remember her name when you leave the party. Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.

7. Retrieval • The process of getting the information out of memory storage. Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure). Finding your document and opening it up.

8. Turn your paper over. Now pick out the seven dwarves. Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy

9. Seven Dwarves Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

10. Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory exercise? Recall v. Recognition • With recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests). • With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests). • Which is easier?

11. Flashbulb Memory • A clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or event. Where were you when? 1. You heard about 9/11 2. You heard about the death of a family member 3. During the OJ chase

12. Types of Memory • Sensory Memory: • Short-Term Memory • Long-Term Memory

13. Sensory Memory • The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. • Stored just for an instant, and most gets unprocessed. • Examples: • You lose concentration in class during a lecture. Suddenly you hear a significant word and return your focus to the lecture. You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register. • Your ability to see motion can be attributed to sensory memory. An image previously seen must be stored long enough to compare to the new image. Visual processing in the brain works like watching a cartoon -- you see one frame at a time. • If someone is reading to you, you must be able to remember the words at the beginning of a sentence in order to understand the sentence as a whole. These words are held in a relatively unprocessed sensory memory.

14. Short-Term Memory • Memory that holds a few items briefly. • Seven digits (plus of minus two). • The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten. How do you store things from short-term to long-term? You must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory. Rehearsal

15. Working Memory(Modern day STM) • Another way of describing the use of short-term memory is called working memory. • Working-Memory has three parts: • Audio • Visual • Integration of audio and visual (controls where your attention lies)

16. Long-Term Memory • The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

17. Three Stages of Memory Linda? Janet? Tina? Lane? File Cabinet: People met at party This is Linda Sensory Short-term Long-term Memory Memory Memory     Storage & Retrieval Sensory Input Attention

18. Encoding Getting the information in our heads!!!! How do you encode the info you read in our text?

19. Two ways to encode information • Automatic Processing • Effortful Processing

20. Automatic Processing • Unconscious encoding of incidental information. • You encode space, time and word meaning without effort. • Things can become automatic with practice. For example, if I tell you that you are a jerk, you will encode the meaning of what I am saying to you without any effort.

21. Effortful Processing • Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. • Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique. • Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic.

22. Things to remember about Encoding • The next-In-Line effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next. • Information minutes before sleep is seldom remembered; in the hour before sleep, well remembered. • Taped info played while asleep is registered by ears, but we do not remember it.

23. Spacing Effect • We encode better when we study or practice over time. • DO NOT CRAM!!!!!

24. Exercise 1-Take out a piece of paper and…. List the U.S. Presidents

25. The Presidents

26. Short Term Memory

27. Serial Positioning Effect • Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. Presidents Recalled If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this.

28. Short-term Memory • Exercise 2: Quarter Lists • Serial-Position Effect: The tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series • Primacy effect: Tendency to recall the initial items in a series of items • Recency effect: Tendency to recall the last items in a series of items

29. Encoding exercise Types of Encoding • Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words • Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. • Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.

30. Which type works best?

31. Self-Reference Effect • An example of how we encode meaning very well. • The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves. Peg-word system

32. Tricks to Encode • Use imagery: mental pictures Mnemonic Devices use imagery. Systems for remembering in which items are related to easily recalled sets of symbols such as acronyms, phrases, or jingles "Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums." Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. Give me some more examples…. Links to examples of mnemonic devices.

33. Chunking • Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. • Often it will occur automatically. • Exercise 3: Chunk- from Goonies GM-CBS-IBM-ATT-CIA-FBI

34. Storage How we retain the information we encode

35. Review the three stage process of Memory

36. Storage and Sensory Memory George Sperling played one of three tones (each tone corresponding with a row of letters). Then he flashed the letters for less than a second and the subjects were able to identify the letters for the corresponding row,

37. Iconic Memory • a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photograph like quality lasting only about a second. • We also have an echoic memory for auditory stimuli. If you are not paying attention to someone, you can still recall the last few words said in the past three or four seconds.

38. Storage and Short-Term Memory • Lasts usually between 3 to 12 seconds. • Can store 7 (plus or minus two) chunks of information. • We recall digits better than letters. Short-term memory exercise.

39. Storage and Long-Term Memory • We have yet to find the limit of our long-term memory. • For example, Rajan was able to recite 31,811 digits of pi. • At 5 years old, Rajan would memorize the license plates of all of his parents’ guests (about 75 cars in ten minutes). He still remembers the plate numbers to this day.

40. How does our brain store long-term memories? • Memories do NOT reside in single specific spots of our brain. • They are not electrical (if the electrical activity were to shut down in your brain, then restart- you would NOT start with a blank slate).

41. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) • The current theory of how our long-term memory works. • Memory has a neural basis. • LTP is an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. In other words, if you are trying to remember a phone number, the neurons are firing neurotransmitter through the synapse. The neuron gets used to firing in that pattern and essentially learns to fire in that distinct way. It is a form of rehearsal (but for our neurons).

42. Stress and Memory • Stress can lead to the release of hormones that have been shown to assist in LTM. • Similar to the idea of Flashbulb Memory.

43. Types of LTM

44. The Hippocampus • Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory. • Left = Verbal • Right = Visual and Locations • The hippocampus is the like the librarian for the library which is our brain.

45. Retrieval How do we recall the information we thought we remembered? Lets Jog Our Memory!!!!!!!

46. Short-term to Long-term • Maintenance rehearsal-repetition but not effective way to place info in permanent storage vs. • Elaborative rehearsal: relating new material to well-known material (meaningful) • Vocabulary

47. Activity-Random Items in a Box

48. Recall versus Recognition Lazy Smurf or Lethargic Smurf I probably cannot recall the Smurfs, but can I recognize them? Papa Smurf or Daddy Smurf Handy Smurf or Practical Smurf Brainy Smurf or Intellectual Smurf Clumsy Smurf or Inept Smurf

49. Recognition • Easiest type of memory task, involving identification of objects or events encountered before • Ex: multiple choice questions • Recognize photos of old classmates easier than recalling their names

50. Recall • Retrieval or reconstruction of learned material • More difficult than recognition (Ex.8-Draw both sides of a penny) • Recall task-person must retrieve a syllable with another syllable serving as a cue (fill in the blank) • Meaningful links help