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Respiratory System

Respiratory System. Ch 23. Respiration. 4 PROCESSES. Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) External Respiration Internal Respiration Cellular Respiration. Sinus Cavity. act as resonance chambers for speech mucosa warms and moistens the incoming air lightens facial bones. Pharynx.

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Respiratory System

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  1. Respiratory System Ch 23

  2. Respiration 4 PROCESSES • Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) • External Respiration • Internal Respiration • Cellular Respiration

  3. Sinus Cavity • act as resonance chambers for speech • mucosa warms and moistens the incoming air • lightens facial bones

  4. Pharynx • Connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus • 1)nasopharynx- air passage • pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube- allows middle air pressure to become equalized to atmospheric pressure • Adenoids (pharyngeal) tonsils- mass of lymphoid tissue • traps and destroys pathogens • produces lymphocytes • helps fight infection • 2)oropharynx- serves as a common conduit for air and food • palatine and lingual tonsils • 3)laryngopharynx- accommodates both ingested food and air • located at junction where tracheae and esophagus splits • continuous with esophagus

  5. Pharynx • Epiglottis- flexible elastic cartilage • attached to the wall of the pharynx near the base of the tongue • it closes the glottis in the respiratory tract (trachea) when food is swallowed • Larynx- voice box; thyroid cart. that attaches to hyoid bone superior and cricoid inferior • Provides open airway • Junction for food and air • Voice production

  6. Olfactory epithelium Olfactory tract Olfactory bulb Nasal conchae Route of inhaled air

  7. Trachea 16 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage (thyroid +cricoid + tracheal cartilage's, includes epiglottis (elastic cart) make up larynx Laryngitis- inflammation of the vocal cords resulting in inability to speak; due to voice overuse, very dry air, bacterial infection, and inhalation of irritating chemicals Trachea- held open by rings of hyaline cartilage, so it won't collapse during pressure changes when breathing.

  8. Trachea

  9. mucus cilia Epithelial Lining of the Trachea

  10. Vocal Cords • True vocal cords are inferior to false vocal cords • Sound is produced when expelled air is passing through the larynx over the vocal cords

  11. Lungs

  12. Alveoli

  13. Alveoli

  14. Alveoli

  15. Thoracic Cavity

  16. Thoracic Cavity

  17. Partial Pressure Gradients

  18. Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling

  19. Mechanics of Breathing • 2 muscles involved with breathing: • external intercostal muscles • diaphragm • Breathing controlled by: • phrenicnerve from medulla • pons

  20. Lung Ventilation 760 mm Hg 756 mm Hg Negative pressure draws air in Inspiration

  21. Lung Ventilation Positive pressure forces air out 768 mm Hg Expiration

  22. Lung Volumes Tidal Volume- 500 ml Vital Capacity- 4800 ml Residual Volume- 1000-1200ml Total Lung Capacity- 4400-6400ml IRV- 2800 ml ERV- 1000-1200ml Dead Space- 150 ml What factors affect lung volume?

  23. What happens to TV, IRV, ERV, & VC during exercise? • TV  • IRV and ERV  • TLC and VC- doesn't change

  24. Breathing Centers in the Brain

  25. pons medulla oblongata Regulation of Breathing phrenic CO2 and H+ triggers breathing reflex in medulla, not presence of O2 vagus

  26. Restrictive vs Obstructive Air Flow • Restrictive- more diff. to get air in to lungs • Loss of lung tissue • Decrease in lungs ability to expand • Decrease in ability to transfer O2 and CO2 in blood • Diseases: • Fibrosis, sarcoidosis, muscular disease, chest wall injury, pneumonia, lung cancer, pregnancy, obesity •  VC, TLC, RV, FRC

  27. Restrictive vs Obstructive Air Flow • Obstructive- more diff. to get air out of lungs • Airway narrows • Increase in time it takes to empty lungs • Diseases: • Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma •  VC,  TLC, RV, FRC

  28. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

  29. COPD Chronic bronchitis- (obstructive) inhaled irritants lead to chronic excessive mucous production and inflammation and fibrosis of that mucosa;  the amt of air that can be inhaled; use bronco- dilators and inhalers Emphysema- (obstructive and restrictive) enlargement of alveoli; alveolar tissue is destroyed resulting in fewer and larger alveoli; inefficient air exchange; smoker's disease;  amt of air that can be exhaled Asthma- (obstructive disorder) cold, exercise, pollen and other allergens; from 1979-1989 the number of asthmatic deaths doubles

  30. COPD Tuberculosis (TB)- (restrictive) infectious disease cause by bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Spread through air borne bacteria from infected person's cough. Total lung capacity declines Symptoms: fever night sweats, wt. loss, racking cough, and spitting up blood Polio- TLC declines (restrictive) Eliminated in U.S. and Western Hemisphere Still exists in Africa Lung cancer- promoted by free radicals and other carcinogens; very aggressive and metastasizes rapidly

  31. Smoker’s lung Normal lung

  32. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure The total pressure of a gas exerted by a mixture of gas is the sum of the gases exerted independently. Air % partial pressure (mm Hg) N2 78.6 597 O2 21.0 159 CO2 0.04 0.3 H2O 0.46 3.7 Total 100 760 Partial pressure is directly related to its % in the total gas mixture. E.g., at 1 atm PO2 = 159 mm Hg

  33. Henry's Law When a mixture of gas is in contact w/a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure. Gasses can go in and out of solution e.g., open soda, get CO2 bubbles (CO2 is under pressure)

  34. Decompression Sickness It is caused when N2 enters the blood circulation and the tissues. When extra N2 leaves the tissues, large bubbles form. N2 bubbles can travel throughout the system and into the lungs and blood routes. Treatment: hyperbaric chamber

  35. Erythrocytes Function- transport respiratory gases Lack mitochondria. Why?

  36. Hemoglobin- quaternary structure 2  chains and 2  chains Hemoglobin Structure 1 RBC contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules

  37. Uptake of Oxygen by Hemoglobin in the Lungs O2 binds to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin High Concentration of O2 in Blood Plasma High pH of the Blood Plasma

  38. O2 pickup CO2 release

  39. Unloading of Oxygen from Hemoglobin in the Tissues When O2 is releaseddeoxyhemoglobin Low Concentration of O2 in Blood Plasma Lower pH of the Blood Plasma

  40. O2 release CO2 pickup

  41. Carbon Dioxide Chemistry in the Blood CO2 + H2O  H2CO3  HCO3- + H+ bicarbonate ion carbonic acid enzyme = carbonic anhydrase

  42. Transport of Carbon Dioxide from the Tissues to the Lungs • 60-70% as bicarbonate dissolved in the • plasma (slow reaction) • 7-10% dissolved in the plasma as CO2 • 20-30% bound to hemoglobin as HbCO2 • CO2 + hemoglobin  HbCO2

  43. Haldane Effect Haldane Effect- the amt of CO2 transported in the blood is markedly affected by the degree of oxygenation of the blood The lower the P02 and hemoglobin saturation w/O2, the more CO2 that can be carried by the blood

  44. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • CO poisoning (hypoxemia hypoxia) • CO binds 200x more readily w/hemoglobin • acts as a competitive inhibitor • symptoms: cherry red lips, confused, headache • does not produce characteristic signs of hypoxia (cyanosis and respiratory distress) • treatment: hyperbaric chamber

  45. INQUIRY • Identify the lipoprotein molecule that reduces surface tension within the alveoli so they do not collapse during exhalation. • Even after the most forceful exhalation, a certain volume of air remains in the lungs. What is the volume of air called? • Describe the physical structure of alveoli. • What structures warm and moisten incoming air? • What body cavity are the lungs located? • What tissue lines the lungs? • What stimulates the breathing response? • Calculate total lung capacity given: • RV= 1000, TV = 500, ERV = 1100, IRV = 2500, VC= 4100

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