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The Years Between the Wars

The Years Between the Wars. Chapters 27 & 28. I. Introduction. B etween June 28, 1919 and September 1, 1939 Period of great economic decline and political changes Political Fascism in Italy Communism in Russia Socialism in Germany Economic Hyperinflation and Economic Depression.

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The Years Between the Wars

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  1. The Years Between the Wars Chapters 27 & 28

  2. I. Introduction • Between June 28, 1919 and September 1, 1939 • Period of great economic decline and political changes • Political • Fascism in Italy • Communism in Russia • Socialism in Germany • Economic • Hyperinflation and Economic Depression

  3. II. Soviet Union • Communist had to consistently fight for power until the end of the Civil War in 1921 • Red Russians won due to disorganization of White Russian • War Communism • Lead under Leon Trotsky • Cheka- Communist secret police used to enforce communist power • Confiscated banks, transportation and heavy industry and grain production

  4. II. Soviet Union • New Economic Policy 1921 • Lenin’s plan to boost the Russian economy after the civil war • “Tolerated” peasants selling of excess grain for a profit • Result of Lenin’s view on peasants • Eventually re-established production to pre-war levels (1927) • Turned whole economy into small private businesses

  5. II. Soviet Union • End of Lenin • Stroke 1922 and died in 1924 • Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky fought over the future of the Soviet Union • Trotsky’s new economic plans • Confiscate all agriculture and rushed industrialization • Only could be financed if other communist revolutions occurred in other countries • Use their industry to boost their economy

  6. II. Soviet Union • Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) • Was less educated than Lenin or Trotsky • More manipulative politically and very brutal to all opposition • Ruled through terror and coercion • Killed 20 Million + • Exiled Trotsky, to Siberia, in 1927 • Solidified Stalin’s control of Soviet Union • “Socialism in one country”

  7. II. Soviet Union • Rapid Industrialization • Started in 1928 • 5 year plan (Gosplan) • Very high production goals were set in factories, mines and steel mills • Greatly boosted factory labor force • At cost of consumer production • Used propaganda to sell the ideas to people • Industry was poorly ran but brought about “full employment” • Production increase 400% but quality suffered

  8. II. Soviet Union • Collectivization of Agriculture • Kulaks- independent farmers- were forced into collectivization • Followed Trotsky’s agriculture plan • Private farmers forced to work together in a type of communal farm- state owns produce • 1929 agents sent to collect hoarded wheat and force collectivization. • Result of food shortages but brought about greater food shortages as a result of farmers sabotaging collectivization

  9. II. Soviet Union • Great Purges • Stalin sought to kill anyone that he saw as a threat • Result of extreme paranoia • Happened in waves • Resulted in a number of deaths to rival that of Hitler

  10. III. Italy • Fascism in Italy • Reaction to Bolshevism • Authoritarian Nationalism • Focus on Middleclass but dislike parliamentary governments and political hereditary • Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) • Initially was a socialist • Became leader of Fasci di Combattimento (1919) • Nationalist group of Italians who felt Italy was not given its fair share from the Treaty of Versailles • Elected to Chamber of Deputies (1921)

  11. III. Italy • March on Rome • October 1922- Fascist marched on Rome (Black Shirt March) • King Victor Emmanuel asked Mussolini to become prime minister October 29, 1922 • Legal but forced • 1924- manipulated voting laws and representation to allow the fascist a majority in the Chamber of Deputies • Gained large amounts of power and kept it through use of propaganda

  12. III. Italy • Lateran Accord 1929 • Peace between Italy and the Vatican • Since 1860 • Paid Vatican for lands confiscated • Pope is the official ruler of Vatican City • Benefits for the Catholic Church • No taxes • Church in charge of marriage • Catholicism is the official religion • Solidified Mussolini’s power

  13. III. Italy • Mussolini’s economic policy • Increased public works • Pushed domestic goods rather than imports • Laissez-faire/ socialism • Syndicates • Private ownership of capital with government overseeing labor • Groups that combine labor and management to seek to improve production/profits • Sought to avoid class conflict • Corporations • Combined syndicates from similar industries (22) • Allowed government to gain control on large portions of the economy • 1938- Chamber of Deputies replaced with Chamber of Corporations • 1935- Invasion of Ethiopia resulted in wartime economy and League of Nation economic sanctions

  14. IV. Germany • Weimar Republic • Officially formed in August 11, 1919 • Became a symbol of German defeat • Officially ended with Hitler coming to power • Constitution • Written in Weimar • Positives • Universal suffrage by direct election • Civil Liberties • Negatives • President can appoint and remove chancellor • President can rule by decree in “emergency” • Small groups can gain power very easily

  15. IV. Germany • Years of Crisis 1919-1923 • Came under attack from both communist and socialist • Period of hyperinflation • Papiermark became virtually worthless due to the government over printing to pay off reparations • Rentenmark replaced the old mark to reset the currency • Actually became more valuable than the US dollar • Became the beginning of the Golden Era

  16. IV. Germany • Golden Era 1924-1929 • Under Chancellor Gustav Stresemann • Helped by the Dawes plan • US banks lent money to Germany banks to pay of reparations • Artificially boosted German economy which later collapsed as a result of 1929 NYSE crash • Ended Dawes plan • Period of “prosperity” similar to US roaring twenties

  17. IV. Germany • Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) • Joined Christian Social party- Mayor Karl Lueger (Vienna) • Anti-Semitic group • Associated Marxism with Jews • National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) AKA Nazis (1920) • Pushed for breaking Treaty of Versailles, excluding Jews from citizenship, small vs. large businesses and nationalism • Nazi Socialism- all production for the good of the country • 25 Points • SA- Storm Troopers (Roehm) military group given food and clothing and later pay- Nazi enforcers that attacked Communist and Socialist

  18. IV. Germany • Beer Hall Putsch Nov. 9, 1923 • Hitler and General Ludendorff led an attempted overthrow of the government • During Chancellor Stresemann’s term • Tried for treason: Ludendorff- Acquitted and Hitler sentenced to 5 years • Used this time to write Mein Kampf • Extremely anti-Semitic • Planned to expand Germany

  19. IV. Germany • Racial breakdown as per Hitler • Nordic -(blond, blue-eyed) Close to pure Aryan • Germanic- (brown hair, blue-eyed, or less desirable, brown-eyed) Predominantly Aryan • Mediterranean- (white but swarthy) Slight Aryan preponderance • Slavic -(white but degenerative bone structure) Close to Aryan, half-Ape • Oriental -Slight Ape preponderance • Black African -Predominantly Ape • Jewish- (fiendish skull) Close to pure Ape

  20. IV. Germany • Rise of Hitler • Economy declined again in 1929 due to removal of Dawes Plan • Unemployment almost tripled from 1930-1932 • Government became disunited • Allowed Nazi’s to gain power in the Reichstag • Chancellor of Germany • President Hindenburg (1925-1934) • Hitler ran against Hindenburg in 1932 • Lost but kept pushing to be chancellor • Legal appointed chancellor on Jan 30,1933 • Vowed to protect Germany from Communist and Socialist and protect small businesses (Non-Jewish) • Used this as a stepping stone to total control

  21. IV. Germany • February 27, 1933 Reichstag Fire • Communist set fire to the building • Hitler used this issue Article 48 to purge Germany of communist • Gained almost total control of Reichstag • March 23 Enabling Act- Hitler rules by decree • Allowed for oppression of any resistance • July 14, 1933- Nazi party only legal party • August 2, 1934- Hindenburg dies and Hitler combines both offices

  22. IV. Germany • Schutzstaffel (Protective Force/Nazi SS) • Under control of Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945) • Police Force of Germany/ later elite force • Tasked with purging all non-Aryan blood from Germany • Also Hitler’s bodyguards • Attack on Jews • 1933- banned from holding office • 1935- Nuremburg laws- Banned Jews from professional occupations and citizenship and no intermarriage • Defined as having at least 3 Jewish grandparents or practicing Judaism • 1938- Continued Persecution (Kristallnacht- Nov 9 and 10- attacks on Jewish businesses and synagogues) • 1941- Extermination

  23. IV. Germany • Economic Policy • Hitler used unemployment to gain office • Solved the Great Depression- Through sacrificing liberty, unions, consumerism and capital- Full employment through war preparation • All went to the good of the state • Private property still existed • Public Works and private farming • No labor changes • 1935- Broke Treaty of Versailles by total rearmament for war • Government handled negotiations and scheduled recreations

  24. V. Economic Depression • Most of Europe as well as United States suffered Economic depression • Decline in production from war era spending • Artificially inflated production and prices due to lifting of rationing on citizens • Europe suffered decline as a result of reparations • Created cycle of US lending money to Germany, Germany making payment to Allies and the Allies paying off their loans to the US • Ended with the suspension of the Dawes Plan in 1929 • Lead to the power shifts that led to WWII

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