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Cells

Cells. Sections 3-1 and 3-2. The Cell Theory. All living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. Living cells only come from other living cells. The Cell Theory Song. Structure and Function of Cells.

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Cells

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  1. Cells Sections 3-1 and 3-2

  2. The Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells. • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. • Living cells only come from other living cells. The Cell Theory Song

  3. Structure and Function of Cells • Organelles: the structures that make up a cell (means “tiny organs”) • Cells range in size from 0.2 to 1,000 micrometers

  4. Structure and Function of Cells There are 7 basic functions of the structures of a cell. • Provide protection and support • Form a barrier between the cell and its environment • Building and repairing cell parts • Transporting materials • Storing and releasing energy • Getting rid of waste materials • Cell reproduction

  5. The Cell Wall • Provides support and protection to the cell • Made of cellulose (strings of glucose molecules) in plants • Found in plant cells, not animal cells • Is permeable by water, gases and dissolved materials (these substances can pass freely through the cell wall)

  6. The Cell Wall Photo by Jasper Nance at http://www.flickr.com/photos/nebarnix/2118484639/ Photo source: www.flickr.com/carolinabio.

  7. The Cell Membrane • All cells have a cell membrane • Located just within the cell wall if there is a cell wall or is the outer covering of the cell if there is no cell wall • Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell • In animals it also provides support and protection for the contents of the cell since there is no cell wall

  8. The Cell Membrane Diagram at: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cell_membrane3.png Transmission Electron Micrograph showing lipid bilayer structure of cell membranes. Public domain photo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer_characterization

  9. The Nucleus • Control center of the cell • Surrounded by the nuclear membrane that • Is similar to the cell membrane • has regularly spaced pores that act as passageways • Contains the nucleolus or “little nucleus” where ribosomes are made

  10. The Nucleus Nucleolus Public domain: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_a_cell_nucleus.png Nuclei stained blue; cell on left undergoing mitosis Public Domain: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg

  11. The Nucleus • Contains Chromosomesthat • Are composed of nucleic acids (DNA) • Direct activities of the cell • Pass on information to new cells • RNA is made from the pattern of the DNA and then leaves the nucleus • Chromosome means “Colored Body”

  12. Chromosomes Human Chromosomes – colored added to distinguish pairs • Public domain by National Institutes of Health: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karyotype_color_chromosomes_white_background.png Human Chromosomes Photo by Steffen Dietzel http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HumanChromosomesChromomycinA3.jpg • Chromosomes can only be seen like this during mitosis, just before cell division

  13. Cytoplasm • Clear, thick, jelly-like substance • Space between the nucleus and the cell membrane • Constantly moving (called cytoplasmic streaming) • Functions to transport substances and cell organelles throughout the cell

  14. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Tubular Structure • Extends from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane and throughout the cell • Transportation system for proteins

  15. Endoplasmic Reticulum Photo by Louisa Howard - Public Domain: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clara_cell_lung_-_TEM.jpg Author: BruceBlaushttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0350_EndoplasmicReticulum.png Nucleus Mitochondrion E. R.

  16. Ribosomes • Most are attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum • Produced in the nucleolus • Made primarily of RNA (rRNA) • Where proteins are made according to the instructions on the RNA (mRNA) produced by the DNA in the nucleus

  17. The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes Photo Credit : Anne Weston, LRI, CRUK, Wellcome Images http://www.flickr.com/photos/wellcomeimages/7514474468/ • False-colored transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • The ribosomes are the red dots on the surface of the ER.

  18. Mitochondria • Double-membrane organelles (smooth outer layer with folded inner layer) • Supply most of the energy for the cell • Where aerobic respiration occurs • The more active a cell the more energy it needs so the more mitochondria it will have (ex. Liver cells which are very active have more than 1,000/cell)

  19. Mitochondria • Contain their own mitochondrial DNA • Thought to have been free-living organisms early on in evolutionary history • Offspring obtain mitochondria only from their mother so have mitochondrial DNA identical to their mothers

  20. The Mitochondria • Author: BruceBlaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0644_Mitochondria.png • Animation http://blausen.com/?word=Mitochondria# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondria,_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpg Two Transmission Electron Micrographs by Louisa Howard - Public Domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondria_-_TEM.jpg

  21. Mitochondrion Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes This image is a work of the National Institutes of Health, part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain.

  22. Vacuoles • Most plant cells and some animal cells have them • Function as storage areas for food or waste products • Plant cells often have one large vacuole where water is stored to fill the cell and make it firm

  23. Vacuoles http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/biology/investigating_cells/cells_and_diffusion/revision/2/ • Contractile vacuoles http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractile_vacuole Plant cell vacuoles appear as empty spaces in the cells.

  24. Golgi Body or Golgi Apparatus • Typically comprised of a series of five to eight cup-shaped, membrane-covered sacs that look something like a stack of deflated balloons • Modifies proteins and lipids (fats) made in the endoplasmic reticulum and prepares them for export outside of the cell or for transport to other locations in the cell

  25. Golgi Body or Golgi Apparatus • Author: BruceBlaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.png • Animation: http://blausen.com/?Topic=8941 Photo by Louisa Howard - Public Domain: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_leukocyte,_showing_golgi_-_TEM.jpg

  26. Golgi Body or Golgi Apparatus • Modified image – original from Boumphreyfrhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Golgi_secretions.png View animation: http://www.johnkyrk.com/golgiAlone.html

  27. Lysosomes • Small, round structures • Contain enzymes that can digest large food particles or worn out organelles • Especially useful for single-celled organisms that ingest food as large molecules or even whole cells

  28. Lysosomes Author Matthew R G Russell http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeLa_cell_endocytic_pathway_labeled_for_EGFR_and_transferrin.jpg Only part of picture used Author: Graham Colmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phagocytosis2.png

  29. Chloroplasts • Only in the green part of plants (and green algae) • Contain chlorophyll – the pigment that makes them green and absorbs light energy • Where photosynthesis occurs • Individual cells contain numerous chloroplasts

  30. Chloroplasts Author: Kristian Peters http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg

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