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Origins and Classification of Kingdom Animalia: An Overview

This text provides an introduction to the origins and classification of the animal kingdom. It explores shared characteristics, classification based on different criteria, and the diversity of invertebrates and vertebrates. The text covers topics such as tissue development, symmetry, body cavities, and embryonic development. It also discusses recent changes in animal phylogeny and molecular classification. A comprehensive overview for anyone interested in understanding the origins and diversity of the animal kingdom.

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Origins and Classification of Kingdom Animalia: An Overview

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  1. UNIT X – KINGDOM ANIMALIABig Campbell – Ch 32 - 34, 40, 44, 46, 53 - 55Baby Campbell – Ch 18, 20, 25, 27, 36, 37Hillis – Ch 23, Beginning of Chapters 29-40, 42-45

  2. I. ORIGINS OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA

  3. I. ORIGINS OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA, cont

  4. I. ORIGINS OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA, cont

  5. II. INTRODUCTION TO KINGDOM ANIMALIA • Shared Characteristics • Most have • Extracellular Matrix • Regulatory Genes for Embryonic Development

  6. III. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS • Based on . . . • Presence or absence of true tissues • Symmetry • Development of germ layers • Presence of body cavity • Embryonic development A. Tissues • Metazoa (Parazoa) • Eumetazoa

  7. III. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS, cont B. Symmetry • Asymmetry • Radial • Bilateral

  8. III. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS, cont C. Development of Germ Layers

  9. III. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS, cont C. Development of Germ Layers, cont • Form various tissues & organs • Diploblastic Organisms • Most animals are triploblastic

  10. III. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS, cont D. Presence of Body Cavity • Only applies to triploblasts • Acoelomates • Pseudocoelomates • “_____________” body cavity • Not lined with _____________ • Coelomates

  11. III. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS, cont E. Embryonic Development • Applies to organisms with bilateral symmetry, primarily coelomates • Protostomes • Spiral cleavage • Determinate • Blastopore becomes mouth • Mollusks, annelids, arthropods • Deuterostomes • Radial cleavage • Indeterminate • Blastopore develops into anus • Echinoderms, chordates

  12. III. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS, cont Morphological/Embryonic Classification

  13. III. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS, cont Molecular Classification

  14. III. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS, cont • Recent Changes in Animal Phylogeny • Based on molecular data including Hox genes, DNA sequences for rRNA, mDNA • Bilaterians are subdivided into 3 groups • Deuterstomes • Ecdysozoans • Lophotrochozoans

  15. III. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS, cont

  16. IV. INVERTEBRATES • Make up 95% of all animals • Most scientists agree on approximately 35 animal phyla • 34 of these are made up of invertebrates

  17. IV. INVERTEBRATES, contPhylum Porifera

  18. IV. INVERTEBRATESPhylum Cnidaria

  19. IV. INVERTEBRATES, contPhylum Platyhelminthes

  20. IV. INVERTEBRATES, contPhylum Nematoda

  21. IV. INVERTEBRATES, contPhylum Mollusca

  22. IV. INVERTEBRATES, contPhylum Annelida

  23. IV. INVERTEBRATES, contPhylum Arthropoda

  24. IV. INVERTEBRATES, contPhylum Echinodermata

  25. V. PHYLUM CHORDATA

  26. V. PHYLUM CHORDATA, cont Derived Characters of Chordates Notochord – Flexible rod located between digestive tract & nerve cord Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord – Eventually develops into brain and spinal cord Post-anal Tail Divided into 3 sub-phyla: Urochordata Cephalochordata Vertebrata

  27. V. PHYLUM CHORDATA, cont Invertebrate Chordates Lack a true backbone Suspension feeders Closest vertebrate relatives; appear 50 million years prior to vertebrates Subphylum Urochordata Tunicates, sea squirts Sessile as adults Subphylum Cephalochordata Lancelets, amphioxus Burrow in sand of ocean floor

  28. VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata Pronounced cephalization; known as craniates Craniates used to describe all organisms with head including hagfish Neural crest Closed circulatory system with chambered heart Notochord secretes proteins that make up somites – differentiate into vertebrae, ribs, skeletal muscles of trunk

  29. VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata Class Agnatha Jawless vertebrates Most primitive, living vertebrates Lack paired appendages Cartilaginous skeleton Notochord present throughout life Rasping mouth 2-chambered heart Hagfish – no longer considered to be vertebrates by some taxonomists; scavengers Lampreys – usually parasitic

  30. VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata Class Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous fishes Sharks, skates, rays Well-developed jaws; paired fins Continual water flow over gills Lateral line system (water pressure changes) Internal Fertilization; may be Oviparous- eggs hatch outside mother’s body Ovoviviparous- retain fertilized eggs; nourished by egg yolk; young born live

  31. VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata Class Osteichthyes Ossified endoskeleton Scales Operculum Swim bladder Ectotherms Most numerous of all vertebrates Ray-fined – Most common type; fins supported by long, bony rods arranged in a ray pattern; bass, trout, perch, tuna, herring Lobe-finned - Fins supported by rod-shaped bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle; coelocanth; lungfishes

  32. VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata Class Amphibia First tetrapods, land animals Frogs, toads, salamanders Metamorphosis Ectotherms External fertilization; lack shelled egg Moist skin for gas exchange 2 → 3 chambered heart

  33. VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata Class Reptilia Lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodilians Internal fertilization Amniotes – Eggs have shells, extraembryonic membranes which aid in gas exchange, transfer of nutrients, protection Ectotherms 3-chambered heart in most; 4-chambered heart in crocs Scales with keratin

  34. VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata “Class Aves” Have many adaptations for flight Wings Honeycombed bone Feathers (keratin) Toothless Lack urinary bladder One ovary Large breastbone Endothermic 4-chambered Heart Fossil studies show connection between reptiles and birds; birds now included in Class Reptilia Archaeopteryx – earliest known bird

  35. VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia Mammary glands Hair (keratin) Endothermic 4-chambered heart Large brains (relative to size) Teeth differentiation Diaphragm Divided into three groups Monotremes – Egg-layers; platypus, anteaters Marsupials – Embryonic development of young completed in pouch; kangaroos, koalas, opossums Eutherians – Placental mammals; all other mammals

  36. V. PHYLUM CHORDATA, cont

  37. VI. ECOLOGYInteractions Between Organisms & Their Environment

  38. VI. ECOLOGYImportant Terms/Concepts • Levels of Organization • Organism → Species → Population → • Biomes • Food Chains • Trophic levels • Importance, examples of decomposers • Comparison of energy flow vs recycling of nutrients • Most energy? • Pyramid of production • Limits on trophic levels • Primary production provides the “energy budget” for any given ecosystem • Niche

  39. VI. ECOLOGYNutrient Cycles • Water • Carbon • Phosphorus • Nitrogen

  40. VI. ECOLOGYEcological Succession • Changes seen in a community following a severe disturbance • Primary Succession • Describes individuals colonizing virtually lifeless area with no soil; may be due to volcano, glacier • Typically begins with autotrophic bacteria; followed by lichens, mosses • Known as pioneer organisms • Gradual development of soil due to weather, decomposition of pioneer organisms • Larger organisms begin to inhabit area → eventually results in climax community • Secondary Succession • Results from disturbance that leaves soil intact; for example, fire

  41. VI. ECOLOGYPopulation Ecology • Study of how and why populations change • Survivorship Curves • Type I – have few young but provide good care; seen in humans & other large mammals • Type II – intermediate; mortality fairly constant over life span; seen in some invertebrates, lizards, rodents • Type III – high death rates for very young; typically produce high number of young but provide very little care; seen in fish, amphibians, some invertebrates

  42. VI. ECOLOGYPopulation Ecology, cont • Exponential Growth • Occurs when population is in ideal environment • No limiting factors • Entire population multiplies by a constant factor • Logistic Growth • Population impacted by limiting factors • Carrying Capacity is met • Limiting factors may be described as • Density-Dependent • Density-Independent

  43. VI. ECOLOGYPopulation Ecology, cont • Life history traits include reproductive age, frequency of reproduction, number of offspring, amount of parental care • Shaped by evolution and natural selection • Selection for life history strategies determined by population densities and conditions • r-selection • Seen in uncrowded, unpredictable environments • Also known as density-independent selection • Individuals mature early and/or produce maximum number of offspring at one time • Maximizes r, the per capita rate of increase • Bacteria, weeds • K-selection • Typically seen in larger, longer-lived individuals • Population is close to carrying capacity therefore competitive ability, efficient use of resources favored • Maturity & reproduction at later age • Fewer young; higher degree of parental care • Term, K refers to carrying capacity

  44. VI. ECOLOGYPopulation Ecology, cont Human Population Growth . . . but, it is slowing Exponential . . .

  45. Levels of Organization Humans are composed of 4 tissue types VII. INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

  46. VII. INTRO TO ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, cont Epithelial Tissue Covers body and lines organs and cavities Forms glands May secrete mucus, be ciliated Held together by tight junctions Basement membrane Anchors one side of epithelium to tissues beneath Extracellular matrix made up of protein, polysaccharides Classified according to the number of layers of cells and the shape of the cells

  47. Connective Tissue Bind and support other tissues Consists of cells loosely organized in an extracellular matrix Matrix is produced and secreted by cells VII. INTRO TO ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, cont

  48. Nerve Tissue Senses stimuli and transmits signals from 1 part of the animal to another Neuron Glia VII. INTRO TO ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, cont

  49. Muscle Tissue Capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses Fibers 3 Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal – Voluntary, striated Cardiac – Involuntary, striated, branched; makes direct contact with other cardiac muscle cells Smooth – Involuntary; lacks striations VII. INTRO TO ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, cont

  50. VII. INTRO TO ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, cont

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