High Middle Ages 1000 - 1300

1. High Middle Ages1000 - 1300

2. Europe 1000 AD

3. Norman Conquest of England Invasion of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror Battle of Hastings - 1066 • Bayeux Tapestry – Norman conquest of England. • 3 Claimants to the Crown • Harold Godwineson • King Harald of Norway • William (Duke of Normandy) Watershed in English history • Created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe • Linked England with Continental Europe • Set the stage for English-French conflict • Changed the English language and culture • Near total loss for Anglo-Saxon aristocracy • Last successful military conquest of England

4. England 1066 - 1307 • Establishment of Norman Monarchy • Great Council replaces Witan • Wars in France • Henry II (r. 1154 – 1189) – expands territory • Eleanor of Aquitaine – vast lands in France • Richard I – Lion-Hearted (r. 1189 – 1199) • Serious warrior • John (r. 1199 – 1216) – incompetent king • Magna Carta – 1215 • Kings are not above the law • King Could Not Collect Any New Tax Without the Consent of the Great Council • King could not violate due process of law • An accused Person Was Entitled to a Trial by a Jury of Peers • Parliament – institution able to restrict power of the king • Knights & burgesses elected • Becomes House of Commons & House of Lords

5. Population of Europe Expands In the 11th cen., people began to move outward into the wilderness, in what is known as the "great clearances" • During the High Middle Ages, forests and marshes were cleared and cultivated Settlements moved beyond the traditional boundaries of the Frankish Empire to new frontiers in eastern Europe, beyond the Elbe River, tripling the size of Germany in the process Reasons for this expansion and colonization include • An improving climate known as the Medieval warm period allowing longer & more productive growing seasons • End of raids by Vikings & Magyars resulting in greater political stability • Advancements in medieval technology allowing more land to be farmed • Reforms of the Church in the 11th century further increasing social stability • The rise of Feudalism, which also brought increased social stability and more mobility

6. Emergence of Cities

7. Emergence of Cities • Between 1150 and 1200 the number of chartered cities in the Holy Roman Empire tripled from 200 to 600 New Cities – vitality and squalor • Serfs flocked to the cities looking for opportunities • Serfs who lived within a city for a year and a day were no longer bound to the land • “Town air makes men free” Tried to maintain independence of local lords and clergy • Independent charters from king • Developed their own municipal administration Communes – revolutions to gain independence of cities

8. Trade and Commerce Trade drove the urban explosion • Cities grew on the trade routes • Italy, Flanders, France, Germany • New class of long-distance merchants • Traders began to create their own communities • Traders formed partnerships to share the rewards and the risks • Venture capitalists Merchant Fairs Champagne region of France Hanseatic League was founded in the 12th century in northern Europe • United political & economic power • 79 to 80 cities Marco Polo - Venetian traveled to Silk Road to China • Led to new trade with East

9. Medieval Guilds • Chief mechanism for organizing, regulating and restricting trade • Fixed career path for skilled workers • Lengthy period of apprenticeship – 4 to 12 years • Craftsmen would acquire independent professional status by producing a masterpiece • Developed into trade associations designed to supervise business activity and protect the interests of its members • Regulated working day • Ensured that work was done to an acceptable standard • Laid down rates of pay • Negative: restricted entry into a profession, forbade price cutting or advertising, and discouraged competition and innovation

10. Expansion of Education • Merchant class spurred need to create more secular education system • Need for clerks and government officials who could read and write and understand accounts • Cathedraland monastic schools restricted admission to the Church • Most new universities were founded from pre-existing Catholic schools • University of Salerno (9th century) • University of Bologna (1088) • University of Paris (c. 1100 • Students flocked to study under famed teachers • At first, anyone could teach • First universities were corporations of students & teachers modeled on guilds • Guild’s duties included hiring faculty • Students could dock faculty wages

11. Universities Three Types of Universities • students hired and paid for the teachers - Bologna • teachers were paid by the church - Paris • supported by the crown and the state – Oxford Universities became more organized • Set regulations for dress • Provided living accommodations • By 13th cen. rules introduced for teachers • Six years of study to be a lecturer • Eight years & 35 years old to teach theology Students entered the University at fourteen to fifteen years of age

12. Universities University studies took six years for a Bachelor degree and up to twelve additional years for a master's degree and doctorate Specialties at universities • Bologna for legal studies • Salerno for medicine • Paris known as the “queen of theology” Subjects of higher education • Trivium – grammar, rhetoric and logic • Quadrivium – arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music • everyone had to take the same courses Town and gown relations often stormy • Civil authorities regularly censor students for riotous behavior • Students were afforded the legal protection of the clergy

13. Scholasticism Dominant philosophical, scientific and theological movement of the Middle Ages • Efforts of European intellectuals to reconcile reason and faith • Reaction to contact with Muslim and reintroduction of Classical literature • Depended much on the work of Aristotle Peter Abelard – French priest – 1079 –1142 • Lectures at cathedral school of Notre Dame in Paris • Disastrous love affair with Heloise • Sic et Non – Yes and No • collected statements from the Bible and Church leaders which contradicted each other • Believed that reason could resolve the contractions • Church under Bernard of Clairvaux charged Abelard with heresy

14. Scholasticism St. Anselm – Benedictine monk – 1079 – 1142 • Belief - no conflict separating man’s spiritual & rational natures • Joined reason and faith in credo – “I believe in order to understand” Thomas Aquinas, Dominican, 1225 – 1274 • Made every effort to prove that faith and reason could be reconciled • Believed in two orders of truth • Reason – could demonstrate propositions such as the existence of God • Faith – things like the nature of the Trinity must be accepted • Universe as a great chain of being • Omnipotent God called everything into being, with everything had its place • Man occupied a place midway between the material and the spiritual • Reason gave human beings the power to understand some things • Two great works – Summa contra Gentiles & Summa Theologica • Canonized after death in 1274

15. Scholasticism and Science Scientific Method – Europeans started to systematically observe and investigate the physical universe • Spurred by newly translated Greek and Arabic sources Robert Grosseteste - English bishop and scholar • Aristotelian • Developed an early system of experimental methodology with an emphasis on observation, hypothesis and verification • Tried to demonstrate that the world was round • Experiments on the refraction of light Roger Bacon – 1214 1294 • Looked for practical applications - telescope • Argued that observation should guide reason

16. Castles

17. Chivalry Ideals associated with knighthood • French word chevalier which means “knight” Honor is the foundational and guiding principle Three basic areas 1. Relation to countrymen and fellow Christians • mercy, courage, valor, fairness, protection of the weak and poor,servant-hood to lord • warrior chivalry - chief duty is to his lord 2. Relation to God • being faithful to the church, being the champion of good against evil, being generous and obeying God above all 3. Relation to women • idea that the knight is to serve a lady • general gentleness and graciousness to all women • Courtly love

18. Chivalric Codes • Thou shalt believe all that the Church teaches, and shalt observe all its directions. • Thou shalt defend the Church. • Thou shalt respect all weaknesses, and shalt constitute thyself the defender of them. • Thou shalt love the country in which thou wast born. • Thou shalt not recoil before thine enemy. • Thou shalt make war against the Infidel without cessation, and without mercy. • Thou shalt perform scrupulously thy feudal duties, if they be not contrary to the laws of God. • Thou shalt never lie, and shall remain faithful to thy pledged word. • Thou shalt be generous, and give largess to everyone. • Thou shalt be everywhere and always the champion of the Right and the Good against Injustice and Evil.

19. Courtly Love System of attitudes, myths and etiquette Governed the real and idealized behavior of knights and their ladies System of admiration and courtship Idea that a noble man would dedicate his life to the love of a lady Such a love could not exist within marriage Standards of etiquette and custom varied • Chaste or Platonic admiration • Intention of consummation expressed Non-Christian tradition • Alternative to the love of God and the Church • Condemed by Church as heretical Spawned Romance literary genre Courtly love most commonly expressed in the compositions of the troubadours, and poets

20. Courtly Love Andreas Capellanus 12th century author • The Art of Courtly Love Stages of Courtly Love • Attraction to the lady, usually via eyes/glance • Worship of the lady from afar • Declaration of passionate devotion • Virtuous rejection by the lady • Renewed wooing with oaths of virtue & eternal fealty • Moans of approaching death from unsatisfied desire (and other physical manifestations of lovesickness) • Heroic deeds of valor which win the lady's heart • Consummation of the secret love • Endless adventures and subterfuges avoiding detection

21. Arthurian Romance Gained great popularity in the 12th century • Appears as the ideal of kingship both in war and peace • Cultural icon of a idealized British past Arthur gathered the Knights of the Round Table (Lancelot, Gawain, Galahad) at his court at Camelot • Arthur's knights engaged in fabulous quests ad advnetures, such as the quest for the Holy Grail Geoffrey of Monmouth - first major popularization of Arthurian legend in History of the Kings of Britain • Also wrote The Prophecies of Merlin & Life of Merlin Chrétien de Troyes, French poet -12th century • love story of Lancelot for Guinevere Historical Arthur • Romano-British leader fighting against the invading Anglo-Saxons - 5th century and early 6th century • Celtic sagas and poetry tell of a warrior named Arthur In 1191, monks of Glastonbury Abbey announced that they had found the burial site of Arthur and Guinevere

22. The Holy Grail Dish, plate or cup used by Jesus at the Last Supper, said to possess miraculous powers • May combine Christian lore with Celtic myth • Important segment of the Arthurian cycle Grail literature divides into two classes • King Arthur’s knights visiting the Grail castle or questing after the object • Must be pure of heart • Grail’s history in the time of Joseph of Arimathea Grail romances started in France • Appeared first in works by Chrétien de Troyes • Related to crusading spirit of time • Early Grail romances centered on Percival & Galahad • Hero must prove himself worthy to be in its presence Robert de Boron (1191 - 1202) • Story of Joseph of Arimathea acquiring the chalice of the Last Supper Two schools of thought concerning Grail's origin • Derived from early Celtic myth and folklore • Began as a purely Christian symbol Other interpretation • Jesus’ Bloodline in modern Europe – Mary Magdalene

23. Reform in the Church The Church’s spiritual and secular authority influenced every facet of life • Beginning of the 11th cen.- the Church largest landowner in Europe – Up to a third of all land • Controlled kings and emperors Church reformers scrutinized Church’s involvement in temporal affairs • Called for ending simony – accepting bribes in order to receive Church offices • Establishment of celibacy for the clergy Power of the papacy continued to grow • Leo X proclaimed the absolute primacy of St. Peter in 1050 Great Schism - Leo X broke with the Eastern Orthodox Church in 1054 • Pope supreme over the patriarchs

24. Reform in the Church Investiture Controversy - between 1073 and 1085 • Monarchs choose high church officials in their realm • Pope Nicholas II – 1059 – Establishes selection by College of Cardinals • Struggle between Henry IV & Gregory VII • Gregory VII, brought an end to lay investiture • 1077 Henry comes to Canossa Pax Dei (Peace of God) • In 1040 pope tried to curtail continuous state of warfare by declaring a placed women, children travelers and priests under papal protection • Banned fighting between Wednesday night and Monday morning and on holy days • Left only 90 days a year for warfare • Did not stop warfare Cult of the Virgin Mary – eclipsed the veneration of individual saints • Given mediator role between sinful humanity and Jesus • Many cathedrals dedicated to “Notre Dame” or “Our Lady”

25. Gothic Architecture Style originated at the abbey church of Saint-Denis in Saint-Denis, near Paris Theological message: • Great glory of God versus the smallness and insignificance of the mortal being Elements • Flying buttresses • Pointed arch • Larges stained-glass windows • Inventive sculpture – saints & gargoyles

26. Gothic Architecture

27. New Monastic Orders Dedicated to living simple, austere existences • Obedient to Pope • Rejected life in the monasteries • Work directly with people • Fought against heretics Mendicant orders - 13th century • Dedicated to life of poverty • Sought to assist the poor Cistercians – c. 1100 – Founded by St. Bernard of Clairaux • By 1153 at least 343 chapter houses Franciscans • Founded by St. Francis of Assisi • known as the Grey Friars founded 1209 Carmelites - Hermits of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Carmel • known as the White Friars, founded 1206–1214 Dominicans - Order of Preachers, founded 1217 • Emphasized preaching rather than poverty • Trained in rhetoric to combat heretics with arguments Augustinians- Hermits of St. Augustine, founded 1256

28. Jews in Western Europe Jews very persecuted during Middle Ages The Church prohibited Christians from lending money at interest – usury • Jews became the Empire’s financial agents Urban II’s call for crusade in 1095 opened a period of persecution The first pogram against the Jews took place during this period 1096 – 1215 – numerous persecutions of Jews 1103 – Henry IV denied Jews the right to bear arms • Only freemen could bear arms co Jews were considered as “unfree” 1215 – Fourth Lateran Council prohibited Jews from holding office • Designated certain clothes to wear as well as areas in which Jews were allowed to live – ghettos 1306 – Jews were expelled from France

29. Heretical Movements Mass movements that questioned church doctrines • Beginning in the 11th century • Originated in the newly urbanized areas such as southern France and northern Italy • Church reaction was to eliminate some and integrate others Catharism - movement with Gnostic elements • Also called Albigensians • Dualists believed that historical events were the result of struggle between a good & evil • The Albigensian Crusade launched by Pope Innocent III in 1209 • Brutal massacres – “Kill them all; God will know his own” Waldensians • Valdes of Lyons • Opposed to corruption of the Church Inquisition established in 13th century • Persecution and torture to identify heresy

30. Europe on the Eve of the Crusades

31. The Crusades Series of military campaigns conducted in the name of Christendom • Primary goal to recapture Jerusalem & the Holy Land from Muslims • Combined pilgrimage with holy war • Franks vs. Saracens • 9 primary crusades - 1095 to 1291 • Usually sanctioned by the Pope • Unleashed wave of impassioned, personally felt pious Christian fury • Mostly unsuccessful expeditions Different cultural interpretations • Western - heroism, faith and honour • Islamic – invasion, barbarian savagery and brutality Living memory in Muslim world of today

32. Causes of the Crusades • In 1009, the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah sacked the pilgrimage hospice in Jerusalem and destroyed the Church of the Holy Sepulchre • Reports began to circulate in the West about cruelty of Muslims toward Christian pilgrims • Pleas from the Byzantine Emperors threatened under by the Seljuk Turks • Emperor wants to resore land to empire • Outlet for intense religious piety of the late 11th century among public • Dying for the cause led to salvation. • Investiture Controversy awakened public interest in religious affairs • Opportunity to increase power of papacy by reuniting Christian world and bringing East under control

33. Palestine before the Crusades Muslim presence in the Holy Land • Arab conquest of Palestine in the 7th century • Many independent city-states Many Christians in Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Egypt • Pilgrimes allowed to travel to Christian holy sites Previous territory ruled by Byzantine Empire • Want to recapture the lost lands Seljuq Turks • Recent converts to Islam from Central Asia

34. First Crusade Byzantine emperor Alexius I calls for help 1095 - Council of Clermont Pope Urban II • Call for Christians to join a war against the Turks – Just war • Return the Holy Lands to Christian control “The frenzy of the barbarians has devastated the churches in the east, and has even – shame to say – seized into slavery the holy city of Christ, Jerusalem.” • Unite European Christians in a common cause • Crusaders guaranteed ticket to heaven • Remission of sins • Subject the Eastern orthodox churches to Rome 1096 – Armies from France, Germany & Italy set out – led by Norman nobles 1099 - take Jerusalem by assault and massacred population Four small Crusader states created • Edessa, Tripoli, Antioch and Jerusalem

35. Sacking of Jerusalem

36. Knights Templar “Poor Knights of Jesus Christ” • Took vows of poverty, chastity & obedience • Devoted to war – guarded pilgrim routes • Camped on Temple Mount Gained support of Bernard of Clairvaux By 1196 string of Templar castles in Holy Land Fearless warriors – 20,000 died during crusades Mistrusted by other crusaders • Many rumors about secret religious rites Became enormously wealthy and powerful • 900 Templar castles across medieval world • Answered to no one except the pope • Became prominent bankers of age • Ambitions to create their own nation in Europe? King Phillip IV of France • Destroys all power on Friday April 13, 1307

37. Second Crusade,1145–1149 • Muslims conquered the town of Edessa • New crusade was called for by pope and various preachers • Bernard of Clairvaux • French and German armies, under the Kings Louis VII and Conrad III • Wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine • Returned home without major successes • Strategically foolish attack on Damascus • Encouraged resolve of Muslims

38. Saladin • Known as greatest Muslim warrior • Reputation for nobility • Greatly respected in West – Chivalrous • Kurdish from Tikrit, in present day Iraq • Founded the Ayyubid dynasty • Powerbase in Egypt and Syria • Eliminates all rivals through war & intrigue • Unites Muslim forces to confront Crusader kingdoms • Portays himself as champion of Islam against Western invaders • 1187 – defeats crusaders at Battle of Hattin • Captures Jerusalem without fight • Spares inhabitants

39. Third Crusade Known as the Kings' Crusade • Pope Gregory VIII called for a crusade • Philip II of France, Richard I of England and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor - Barbarosa • 1189 – 100,00 soldiers depart • Frederick drowned in Cilicia in 1190 • Philip left in 1191 capture of Acre Richard the Lion-Hearted • Courageous soldier • Defeated the Muslims near Arsuf • In sight of Jerusalem • 1192 - Established a truce with Saladin Jerusalem left in Muslim hands

40. Fourth Crusade • Initiated in 1202 by Pope Innocent III • Intention of invading the Holy Land through Egypt • The Venetians gained control of this crusade and to Constantinople • Attempted to place a Byzantine exile on the throne • Crusaders sacked the city in 1204 • Short-lived Latin emperor

42. Results of the Crusades • Failures • Jerusalem was in Moslem hands • Christian pilgrims became fewer and more fearful than ever • The Moslem powers, once tolerant of religious diversity, had been made intolerant by attack • The effort of the popes to bring peace and unity to Europe had been thwarted by nationalistic ambitions, avarice, and internal dissension • The influence of the Catholic Church and the position of the pope declined and the schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church widened

43. Results of the Crusades • Failures • Moslem civilization had been victorious over Christian civilization • Indigenous eastern Christians were caught in the middle between Crusaders and Moslems, and many who were outraged by the excesses of the Crusaders or who wanted to avoid persecution by Moslem leaders who saw them as collaborators with the Crusaders converted to Islam • In fact, the Crusades ironically proved instrumental in making the eastern Mediterranean predominantly Moslem

44. Results of the Crusades • Successes • Serfs had used the Crusades to leave their lands and many found new opportunities • The Turkish capture of Constantinople was delayed until 1453 • The Moslems, even though victorious, had themselves been weakened, and fell more easily when the Mongols attacked • Trade and exploration were enhanced

45. Trade • Italian traders obviously benefited from supplying the Crusades while they were going on, but they also saw an opportunity to expand their market by establishing direct trade with the Moslem world • The lucrative trade provided great profit to the Italian city-states and ultimately provided the economic basis for the Italian Renaissance. Lorenzo de Medici was part of a family that ruled Florence and served as bankers for the Crusades and patrons of the Renaissance

46. Trade • The most important trade item were spices • Other items included cotton, linen, dates, coral, pearls, porcelain, silk, and metal goods • Damascus was a key center for industry and commerce and a stopping point for pilgrims on their way to Mecca Egyptian scarf or garment fragment ca 1395

47. Trade • European Christians also became exposed to new ideas as they traveled throughout the Mediterranean basin • The works of Aristotle • Islamic science and astronomy • “Arabic” numerals which the Moslems had borrowed from India • Techniques for paper production which the Moslems had learned from China • While the Crusades may have largely failed as military adventures, they helped encourage the reintegration of western Europe into the larger economy of the western hemisphere

48. Legacy of the Crusades • The need to raise, transport and supply large armies led to a flourishing of trade throughout Europe • Opened Europe to Islamic culture, learning, ideas and products • Helped bring on the Renaissance • Islamic world has cultural memory of cruel and savage onslaughts by European Christians • Strengthened Kings or Central Powers • Instituted anti-Semitism toward Jews and persecution of heretics