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Chapter 28 “The Age of Anxiety” 1919-1939

Chapter 28 “The Age of Anxiety” 1919-1939. AP EUROPEAN HISTORY MR. RICK PURRINGTON MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL. The Search for Peace and Political Stability A. Uncertainty after WWI 1. G hated Treaty of V, unstable gov’t 2. Fr was damaged, fearful, and isolated

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Chapter 28 “The Age of Anxiety” 1919-1939

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  1. Chapter 28 “The Age of Anxiety”1919-1939 AP EUROPEAN HISTORY MR. RICK PURRINGTON MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

  2. The Search for Peace and Political Stability A. Uncertainty after WWI 1. G hated Treaty of V, unstable gov’t 2. Fr was damaged, fearful, and isolated 3. Br wanted to revive trade w/ G 4. U.S. was isolated from Eu 5. Eastern Eu was poor w/ unstable gov’ts and borders 6. Ru – Communist USSR = ?? 7. Economic decline in Eu due to G woes 8. 1929 – The Great Depression hits U.S. and ripples throughout Eu

  3. German Rhineland

  4. II. The Treaty of Versailles A. 1919- WWI ends, Treaty punishes G 1. “sole responsibility for the war” 2. G pay $33 billion reparations 3. G limit military 4. G not make allies 5. G lost Alsace-Lorraine to Fr 6. G not move troops into Rhineland 7. G not annex territory B. G Gov’t = Weimar Republic, struggling democracy 1. Many political parties emerge a) Fascist (National Socialist G Workers Party “Nazis”) b) Communist (“Reds”) c) Social Democrats

  5. Chapter 29“Dictatorships and the Second World War”1920-1950 AP EUROPEAN HISTORY MR. RICK PURRINGTON MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

  6. The Rise of Radical Totalitarian Dictatorships A. USSR, G, Italy 1. dedicated minorities achieved victory over less dedicated majorities 2. Totalitarian Dictatorship - Revolt against liberalism (limiting power of gov’t, ind rts) - Complete control over economic, social, intellectual, + cultural life - Deviation from norm = criminal - Demand sacrifice for one goal - Could be Communist (USSR) or Fascist (G + Italy)

  7. 3. Totalitarian Fascism in Italy + G - valued obedience to state over individual rts - nationalist - Social Darwinist - expansionist - glorification of war - demonized enemies - anti-Semitic, anti-Communist

  8. II. The Rise of Adolf Hitler A. 1919 - WWI 1. earned iron cross for bravery 2. blames G loss on Jews and Communists 3. is humiliated by Treaty of V B. 1921 - Joins Nazis 1. rises to leadership 2. 1923 - Beerhall Putsch – protests Weimar Republic 3. imprisoned, martyred 4. writes Mein Kampf 5. Nazi Party grows 6. 1933 – Nazis elected to control Reichstag 7. Hitler appointed Chancellor of G

  9. “If we review all the causes of the German collapse, the ultimate and most decisive remains the failure to recognize the racial problem and especially the Jewish menace.” ~ Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1924

  10. "Who is Adolf Hitler? The man from the people, for the people! The German front soldier who risked his life in 48 battles for Germany! What does Adolf Hitler want? Food for every decent working German! The gallows for profiteers, exploiters, regardless of religious faith or race! Why is Adolf Hitler not allowed to speak? Because he is ruthless in uncovering the rulers of the German economy, the international bank Jews their lackeys, the Democrats, Marxists! Demand the lifting of the illegal ban on his speaking!

  11. Early Nazi Propaganda "Come to the NSDAP Meeting." At the bottom, there are the following notes:“War injured and the unemployed half price, Jews not admitted.”

  12. Early Nazi Propaganda "Two million dead. Did they die in vain? Never! Front soldiers! Adolf Hitler is showing you the way!"

  13. Early Nazi Propaganda "Enough! Vote Hitler!"

  14. Early Nazi Propaganda “Work and Food"

  15. Anti-Semitic Propaganda "Just as it is often hard to tell a toadstool from an edible mushroom, so too it is often very hard to recognize the Jew as a swindler and criminal..."

  16. Anti-Semitic Propaganda "The God of the Jews is money. To earn money, he commits the greatest crimes. He will not rest until he can sit on a huge money sack, until he has become the king of money."

  17. Anti-Semitic Propaganda “No Jews Wanted Here.” "The Jewish nose is bent. It looks like the number six...“

  18. “The Eternal Jew”

  19. The Jew: “The inciter of war; the prolonger of war.”

  20. Jews in Europe before WWII

  21. C. Hitler gains total control 1. 1933 - Reichstag building is set on fire “This is the beginning of the Communist revolution! We must not wait a minute. We will show no mercy. Every Communist official must be shot, where he is found. Every Communist deputy must this very day be strung up.” ~ Herman Goering, Commander of Nazi Airforce • Hitler blames the Communists • Hitler demands he receive emergency powers to “protect the nation” c) The Enabling Act: most civil liberties are suspended “Restrictions on personal liberty, on the right of free expression of opinion, including freedom of the press; on the rights of assembly and association; and violations of the privacy of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications; and warrants for house searches, orders for confiscations as well as restrictions on property, are also permissible beyond the legal limits otherwise prescribed.” 2. 1935 – Nuremberg Laws a) German citizens must be of German or related blood b) All others were not citizens but “subjects” including Jews c) Jews were seen as a threat to German purity 3. 1935 -- Aryanization Begins

  22. Jews in Europe before WWII

  23. German Rhineland

  24. Benito Mussolini IV. World War II Begins A. Breaking the Treaty of V 1. Hitler created jobs by re-building military 2. 1935 - G signs Axis alliance w/ Fascist Italy 3. 1936 – G marches troops into the G Rhineland B. Br and Fr Concerned 1. Hitler meets w/ Neville Chamberlain (PM of Br) to discuss G’s breaking of Treaty of V 2. Policy of appeasement is adopted by Br and Fr C. German Aggression Continues 1. 1938 - G annexes Au and Sudetenland (in Czech.) 2. Br & Fr are angry but . . . . continue to appease 3. 1938 - G attacks and annexes Czech. 4. 1939 - Hitler signs non-aggression pact w/USSR 5. 1939 - G attacks w/“blitzkrieg” annexes Poland a) Poland’s 3 million Jews brutalized, sent to camps D. 1939 - Allies (Br + Fr) declare war on Axis Powers (G, Italy, Japan) Neville Chamberlain

  25. German Blitzkrieg “Lightning War”

  26. V. U.S. Enters WWII A.The War in Eu 1. 1941 - Under Axis Control: a) most of Eu, N. Africa, much of SE Asia

  27. B. U.S. responds to J aggression 1) U.S. ends all trade with J 2) U.S. moves naval fleet to Pearl Harbor C. J Attacks U.S. – Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941 1. 2,388 U.S. soldiers killed 2. U.S. declares war on J

  28. Stalingrad

  29. VII.The Allies vs. The Axis A. The Allies’ War Strategy 1. Stop G, win war in Eu first B. Hitler’s Biggest Blunder 1. Sept. 1942 – Hitler attacks USSR a) Goal: Take Stalingrad (industrial center on the Volga River) b) Guerilla warfare and winter hits G soldiers c) G soldiers low on supplies, food, ammo, warmth d) G soldiers unable to defeat USSR e) Meanwhile, G army is thinner in W. Eu Stalingrad

  30. C. Nov 1942 - “Operation Torch” 1. U.S. attacks the “soft under-belly” – N.Africa, Italy 2. 1943 - Italy surrenders, Mussolini executed by his people

  31. Operation Overlord: D-Day Calais

  32. E. June 1944 - “Operation Overlord” 1. D-Day: June 6, 1944 a) Goal: Drive G out of Fr b) Allied attack on Normandy Fr http://www.britannica.com/dday/art-40584 c) over 1 million Allied troops landed on shore safely d) August 1944 – G retreat out of Paris

  33. Operation Overlord: D-Day Calais

  34. Operation Overlord: D-Day Calais

  35. F. Dec 1944 - Battle of the Bulge 1. G counter-attack on Allies in Bel 2. G fails – Allies advance toward G

  36. VIII. The Holocaust A. The Final Solution • 1941 – Nazi leaders met in Wannsee, Germany • The Final Solution = the Nazi answer to the “Jewish Question.” What to do with the Jews? 3. “These people must disappear from the face of the earth.” ~Heinrich Himmler, 1943 Speech to Nazi Leaders

  37. The Gas Chambers 1. Zyklon B -- Hydrogen cyanide (a pesticide) used in the gas chambers. • 1942 – Aushwitz used 8.2 tons of Zyklon B. • 1943 – 13.4 tons. • 1944 – 19.6 tons.

  38. The Crematorium 1. Used to burn dead bodies. 2. Located at extermination camps

  39. Nazi Medical Experiments 1. Prisoners were human “guinea pigs.” • Studied women’s wombs following injections of toxic chemicals. • Cut off limbs and reattached limbs from other prisoners. • Mustard-gas poisoning tests.

  40. B. Liberation • Freeing of Concentration Camps “There is no doubt that this is the greatest and most horrible crime ever committed in the whole history of the world.” ~British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, upon witnessing camp atrocities

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