WHAP Exam Review Period 5

1. WHAP Exam Review Period 5 1750-1914 Chapters 29-33

2. The Big Picture • How are events of this time period interconnected? • Why did nationalism grow during this time period? • Change? Complex social, political, and economic developments • How did the environment impact industrial and economic development?

3. American Revolution • British colonies on east coast, encroaching French settlements • French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War: Britain won, France gave up land • Bad laws for colonists: Revenue Act, Stamp Act, Tea Act--- “No taxation without representation” • War of Independence (Revolutionary War) • Thomas Paine’s Common Sense • French helped out.

4. French Revolution • Kings lived lavishly, wars cost money so Louis XVI called the Estates General to raise taxes. • Estates General: First Estate=Church, Second Estate=Nobles, Third Estate=everyone else, all had same vote • National Assembly: Declaration of Rights of Man • Reign of Terror: Robespierre, Committee of Public Safety • Directory: 5-man government • Napoleon: rose through military, Napoleonic Code, reforms, created empire---costly mistakes such as boycotting Britain, war with Spain, invading Russia---taken down by Grand Alliance, exiled • Congress of Vienna

5. Independence Movements in Latin America • Haiti: Slave Revolt, Toussaint L’Ouverture, free republic 1804 • South America: • Simon Bolivar (from Venezuela) Gran Colombia • Jose de San Martin and Argentina, Chile, Peru • Brazil=Monarchy • Mexico=Miguel Hidalgo, a priest, and Jose Morelos, 1821, Treaty of Cordoba (independence)

6. Industrial Revolution • Began in Britain=had workers, money/capital for investment, people willing to invest, political stability, resources like coal and water, harbors • Agriculture increased which led to many people being able to leave farms and go to cities • New agriculture techniques: high yield crops, crop rotation, enclosure

7. Technological Innovations • Flying Shuttle • Spinning Jenny • Cotton Gin • Steam Engine • Steamboat • Locomotive • Telegraph • Telephone • Lightbulb • Internal Combustion Engine • Radio • Airplane • Sewing Machine

8. The Factory System • Change from domestic system (putting out system) • Machines were large so moved to buildings • Interchangeable parts • Assembly line • Bad labor conditions, child labor • Family: everyone working! (How does this compare to before industrialization and after reforms are made?)

9. New Economic & Social Philosophies • Capitalism: Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, Free market economy, private ownership, individuals own the means of production and sell products in free and open market, laissez-faire • Marxism: Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto, workers exploited, working class should revolt and take over means of production, Socialism, Communism • Luddites: English workers, destroyed equipment, punished • Reform Movements: some people believe it is inhumane, Factory Act of 1883, labor unions, Mines Act, public education • Social Mobility became more commonplace. • Women’s suffrage movement • Millions of Europeans migrated to the Americas.

10. Imperialism • Making products requires resources besides coal and iron for the machines • Need raw materials from other lands • European superiority: civilize, Christianize, “White Man’s Burden”, social Darwinism • National prestige, Power

11. Imperialism in India • British East India Company • Sepoy Mutiny led to full colonization of India by British • Indian National Congress

12. Imperialism in China • Isolationists not imperialists • Europeans could only trade at the port of Canton • Opium War led to Treaty of Nanjing which allowed others into China (spheres of influence), unequal, Hong Kong went to Britain, Christian missionaries allowed in • Taiping Rebellion • Self-Strengthening Movement of Manchus • Lost Sino-Japanese War: lost Taiwan, gave trading rights to Japan • Boxer Rebellion and Boxer Protocol

13. Japanese Imperialism • Isolationist, didn’t allow citizens to travel abroad • Commodore Matthew Perry brought ships in to convince Japanese to open to trade, Treaty of Kanagawa • Meiji Restoration: revolt against the shogun who signed treaties and Emperor Meiji was put into power, railroads, steamships, universal male military service, westernization • Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War • If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em!!!

14. Imperialism in Africa • Slave trade ends • “Scramble for Africa” • South Africa: Dutch boers first, then when diamonds and gold discovered British came in, Boer War 1899-1902, became British colony then Union of South Africa in 1910, African National Congress formed • Suez Canal 1869, Britain bought stock in canal and took over by 1882 • Berlin Conference 1884 • Europeans added infrastructure, but stripped Africa of its natural resources • Legacy of colonialism

15. United States Imperialism • Monroe Doctrine: western hemisphere is off limits to European imperialism/colonialism • U.S. invested money in business enterprises • Spanish-American War: 1898, U.S. supported Cuban independence from Spain, got control of Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines and naval bases in Cuba • Roosevelt Corollary: U.S. would intervene in disputes between European powers and Latin America (Big Stick) • Panama Canal: 1904-1914

16. Unification of Italy and Germany • Italy: starts as small kingdoms ruled by foreign powers • King of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel II, made Count Camillo Cavour his prime minister who unified the north by driving out Austrians • Giuseppe Garibaldi drove out Spanish from the South • Declared unified in 1861 • Germany: regional governments=Prussia and Austria were dominant • King of Prussia, William I, made Otto von Bismarck his prime minister with the goal of uniting regions • Through war like Franco-Prussian War, consolidated regions • 1871, William I crowned King of the German Empire, Second Reich after the HRE • William II: forced Bismarck to resign, Germany became very industrialized and powerful by 1914

17. Russia • Romanov czars had absolute power. • Most people were serfs with no rights. • Alexander II: Emancipation Edict abolished serfdom, assassinated by The People’s Will • Arts: Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Tchaikovsky • Alexander III: Russification, Jews persecuted • Nicholas II: Socialists, Russo-Japanese War over Manchuria, Bloody Sunday 1905, created the Duma

18. Ottoman Empire • Fought the Russians for control of Black Sea • Greecegot independence from Ottoman Empire • Crimean War: Britain and France helped Ottoman Empire fight off Russia

19. Role of Women • Education, real wages, and career opportunities continued to be inaccessible for most • Early feminist writers • Some women joined reform movements, labor unions, socialist parties • Social Darwinism said that women were mentally inferior • University education open to women, but literacy rates in general were low

20. Big Picture • Nationalism: caused unification, fights for independence, resistance to European colonialism, competition among nations to be imperialist • Change: many forces of change=exploration, industrialization, education, Enlightenment impact, end of slavery, nationalism, Imperialism, racism, capitalism, Marxism, urbanization, etc. • Transportation and communication spread ideas/changes quickly • Not always complete change---example: end of slavery • Describe how things changed, describe why things changed