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Objective 10/12/16

Understand genetic influences on behavior vs. environmental factors, genes, chromosomes, heritability, genetic disorders; nature vs. nurture debate.

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Objective 10/12/16

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  1. Objective 10/12/16 • Provided notes, SWBAT evaluate the role genetics plays in determining behavior. Agenda: -Do Now: what makes you who you are? -Notes: genetics -Review

  2. Do Now: 10/12/16 • Read the article on genetics • Once you have read, write a brief summary on your thoughts about what you have read (be ready to share) You may also include what you believe makes us who we are.

  3. Introductory Psychology: Biological Bases of Behavior AP psychology: Unit II Topic: Behavior Genetics “We share half of our genes with a banana…” – Robert May

  4. What is Behavior Genetics? • Behavior Genetics • The study of the relative power & limits of genetics and environmental influences on behavior • Nature v. nurture

  5. The Biological Bases: Basic Genetic Principles Part one

  6. Basics: Genes – Our Code for Life • Chromosomes • Strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that carry genetic information; located in the nucleus of every human cell • Humans: 46 chromosomes (23/23) • Genes • DNA segments; key functional units in hereditary transmission • Can be active (expressed) or inactive Sex Chromosomes Autosomes

  7. Basics: Genes – Our Code for Life • Like chromosomes, genes operate in pairs, with one gene in each pair coming from each parent • Homozygous Condition • Paired genes are the same • Heterozygous Condition • Paired genes are different • In this case, one gene in the pair masks the other

  8. Basics: Genes – Our Code for Life • Genotype • A person’s genetic makeup; determined at conception and fixed forever • Phenotype • The ways in which a person’s genotype is manifested in observable characteristics; may change over time • **Different genotypes can yield the same phenotype • **Genes are pliable • Polygenic Inheritance • Characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes

  9. Basics: Genes – Our Code for Life • Genetic & Chromosomal Problems • Cystic Fibrosis • Two recessive genes; respiratory & digestive tract • Sickle Cell Anemia • Two recessive genes; blood disorder • Tay-Sachs Disorder • Two recessive genes; fatal neurological disorder • Phenylketonuria • Two recessive genes; difficulty digesting a certain amino acid – phenylalanine

  10. Basics: Genes – Our Code for Life • Genetic & Chromosomal Problems • Down Syndrome • Extra chromosome (21st pair) • Klinefelter’s Syndrome • Extra X chromosome; reduced masculine characteristics (e.g. enlarged breasts, obesity, etc.) • Turner’s Syndrome • Missing X chromosome (e.g. infertility, sexually underdeveloped, etc.)

  11. The Biological Bases: Heritability Part two The ultimate nature-versus-nurture laboratory

  12. What is Heritability? • The extent to which thedifferences among people are attributable to their differing genes • What percentage of the difference among height can be attributed to genes? • 90% • Individual differences v. group differences? • Nature v. Nurture?

  13. Heritability: Twin Studies Monozygotic Dizygotic

  14. Heritability: Twin Studies Used to determine the heritability of a trait

  15. Heritability: Jim Lewis • Middle class • Wife: Betty • Son: James Alan • Dog: Toy • Hobby: Woodworking • Bad Habits: Chain smoker, fingernail biter… • Other: Drove a Chevy, watched stock-car racing & drank Miller… • Conditions: High blood pressure & migraines…

  16. Heritability: Jim Springer • In 1980, Jim Springer called Jim Lewis (37 year separation) • Everything down to their dog’s name was the same (except sons James Allan & James Alan) • When listening to each other's voices, they would mistake themselves for the other • First in Thomas Bouchard’s “Minnesota Twin Study”

  17. Heritability: Adoption Studies • Compare children's’traits with those of their biological and adopted parents • Studies suggest that adoptees tend to be more similar to their biological parents • Two adopted children in the same household bear no more resemblance to each other than two biological siblings (in terms of personality)

  18. Heritability: Adoption Studies • S0 does parenting even have an effect? • YES! • It has an effect on biologically related and unrelated children alike • Effects attitudes, values, manners, beliefs, faith, etc. • Different from personality… • “Heredity deals the cards, environment plays the hand…”

  19. The Biological Bases: Molecular Genetics Part three DEFINITION: A branch extension of behavior genetics that asks the question, “Do specificgenes influence behavior?” GOAL: To find some of the many genes that influence normal human traits (e.g. body weight, sexual orientation, extraversion)

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