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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. The Term Structure of Interest Rates. Overview of Term Structure. The relationship between yield to maturity and maturity . Yield curve - a graph of the yields on bonds relative to the number of years to maturity

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12 The Term Structure of Interest Rates

  2. Overview of Term Structure • The relationship between yield to maturity and maturity. • Yield curve - a graph of the yields on bonds relative to the number of years to maturity • Information on expected future short term rates can be implied from yield curve. • Three major theories are proposed to explain the observed yield curve.

  3. Treasury Yield Curves

  4. Yield to Maturity • Measure of rate of return that accounts for both current income and the price increase over the life • YTM is the discount rate that makes the present value of a bond’s payments equal to its price • Proxy for average return

  5. Yield to Maturity Solve the bond formula for r

  6. 12.1 The Yield Curve

  7. Bond Pricing • Yields on different maturity bonds are not all equal • Need to consider each bond cash flow as a stand-alone zero-coupon bond when valuing coupon bonds • Example: 1-year maturity T-bond paying semiannual coupons can be split into a 6-month maturity zero and a 12-month zero. If each cash flow can be sold off as a separate security, the value of the whole bond should be the same as the value of its cash flows bought piece by piece.

  8. Bond Pricing • Bond stripping and bond reconstitution offer opportunities for arbitrage • Law of one price, identical cash flow bundles must sell for identical prices • Value each stripped cash flow • discount by using the yield appropriate to its particular maturity

  9. Yields and Prices to Maturities on Zero-Coupon Bonds ($1,000 Face Value)

  10. Bond Pricing • Treat each of the bond’s payments as a stand-alone zero-coupon security (bond stripping : portfolio of three zeros) • Pure yield curve • Relationship between YTM and time to maturity for zero-coupon bonds • On-the-run yield curve • Plot of yield as a function of maturity for recently issued coupon bonds selling at or near par value

  11. 12.2 The Yield Curve and Future interest Rate

  12. Yield Curve Under Certainty • If interest rates are certain • Considering two strategies • Buying the 2-year zero, YTM=6%, hold until maturity. Price=890 • Invest 890 in a 1-year zero, YTM=5%. Reinvest the proceeds in another 1-year bond

  13. Yield Curve Under Certainty • The proceeds after 2 years to either strategy must be equal

  14. Yield Curve Under Certainty • Spot rate • The rate that prevails today for a time period corresponding to the zero’s maturity • Short rate • For a given time interval (e.g. 1 year) refers to the interest rate for that interval available at different points in time • 2-year spot rate is an average (geometric) of today’s short rate and next year’s short rate

  15. Yield Curve Under Certainty An upward sloping yield curve is evidence that short-term rates are going to be higher next year When next year’s short rate (r2=7.01%) is greater than this year’s short rate, the average of the two rates is higher than today’s rate

  16. Short Rates versus Spot Rates

  17. Holding period returns • When interest rate with certainty, all bonds must offer identical rates of return over any holding period • Calculate HPR for 1-year maturity zero-coupon bond (YTM=5%) • The first 1-year HPR for 2-year maturity zero-coupon bond (YTM=6%)

  18. Holding period returns • For 1-year maturity bond • Rate of return=(1000-952.38)/952.38=5% • For 2-year maturity bond • Price of today=890 • One year later, when next year’s interest rate=7.01%, sell it for 1000/1.0701=934.49 • Rate of return=(934.49-890)/890=5%

  19. Forward Rates from Observed Rates • No access to short-term interest rate quotations for coming years---infer future short rates from yield curve of zeros • Two alternatives get same final payoff • 3-year zero • 2-year zero, reinvest in 1-year bond

  20. Forward Rates from Observed Rates • fn = one-year forward rate for period n • yn = yield for a security with a maturity of n

  21. Forward Rates from Observed Rates • future short rates are uncertain • Forward interest rate • defined as the break-even interest rate that equates the return on an n-period zero-coupon bond to that of an (n-1)-period zero-coupon bond rolled over into a 1-year bond in year n • Calculated from today’s data, interest rate that actually will prevail in the future need not equal the forward rate.

  22. Example of Forward Rates 4 yr = 8.00% 3yr = 7.00% fn = ? (1.08)4 = (1.07)3 (1+fn) (1.3605) / (1.2250) = (1+fn) fn = .1106 or 11.06%

  23. 12.3 Interest Rate Uncertainty and Forward Rates

  24. Interest Rate Uncertainty What can we say when future interest rates are not known today Suppose that today’s rate is 5% and the expected short rate for the following year is E(r2) = 6% then: The rate of return on the 2-year bond is risky for if next year’s interest rate turns out to be above expectations, the price will lower and vice versa

  25. Short-Term Investors • Short-term-horizon investors • If invest only for 1 year certain return=(1000-952.38)/952.38=5% • If invest for 2-year zero, if expect the 1-year rate be 6% at the end of the first year • the price will be 1000/1.06=943.4 • the first-year’s expected rate of return also is 5%=(943.4-898.47)/898.47 • but the 2nd year’s rate is risky, 943.4 is not certain • If >6%, bond price<943.4 • If <6%, bond price>943.4 • 2-year bond must offer an expected rate of return greater than riskless 5% return , sell at price lower than 898.47

  26. Short-Term Investors • If the investors will hold the bond when it falls to 881.83 • Expected holding period return for the first year =(943.4-881.83)/881.83=7% • risk premium=7%-5%=2% • Forward rate: • Liquidity premium compensates short-term investors for the uncertainty about the price at which they will be able to sell their long-term bonds

  27. Short-Term Investors Short-term Investors require a risk premium to hold a longer-term bond This liquidity premium compensates short-term investors for the uncertainty about future prices If most individuals are short-term investors, bonds must have prices that make f2 greater than E(r2)

  28. Long-Term Investor • Wish to invest a full 2-year period • Purchase 2-year zeros at 841.75, guaranteed YTM=8.995% • If roll over two 1-year investments, an investment of 841.75 grow in 2 years to be • The investor will require • Offered as a reward for bearing interest rate risk

  29. Long-Term Investor • Wish to invest a full 2-year period • Purchase 2-year zeros at 890, guaranteed YTM=6% • If roll over two 1-year investments, an investment of 841.75 grow in 2 years to be • The investor will require • Offered as a reward for bearing interest rate risk

  30. 12.4 Theories of the Term Structure

  31. Theories of Term Structure • Expectations theories • Liquidity Preference theories • Upward bias over expectations • Market Segmentation

  32. Expectations Theory • Observed long-term rate is a function of today’s short-term rate and expected future short-term rates. • Forward rates that are calculated from the yield on long-term securities are market consensus expected future short-term rates. • An upward-sloping yield curve if investors anticipate increases in interest rates • Upward slope means that the market is expecting higher future short term rates • Downward slope means that the market is expecting lower future short term rates

  33. Liquidity Preference Theory • Short-term investors dominate the market • Forward rates contain a liquidity premium and are not equal to expected future short-term rates. • Investors will demand a premium for the risk associated with long-term bonds. • The yield curve has an upward bias built into the long-term rates because of the risk premium.

  34. Market Segmentation • Short- and long-term bonds are traded in distinct markets. • Trading in the distinct segments determines the various rates. • Observed rates are not directly influenced by expectations.

  35. Expected One-Year Rates in Coming Years • YearInterest Rate • 0 (today) 8% • 1 10% • 2 11% • 3 11% • 8% 10% 11% 11%

  36. Pricing of Bonds • PVn = Present Value of $1 in n periods • r1 = One-year rate for period 1 • r2 = One-year rate for period 2 • rn = One-year rate for period n

  37. Pricing of Bonds using Expected Rates Price of 1-year maturity bond Price of 2-year maturity bond Price of 3-year maturity bond

  38. Pricing of Bonds using Expected Rates YTM is average rate that is applied to discount all of the bond’s payments

  39. Bond Prices using Expected Rates Time to Maturity Price of Zero* Yield to Maturity 1 $925.93 8.00% 2 841.75 8.995 3 758.33 9.660 4 683.18 9.993 * $1,000 Par value zero

  40. 8% 10% 11% 11% y1=8% y2=8.995% y3=9.660% y4=9.993% expected Short rate in each year YTM for various maturities (Current spot rate)

  41. Bond Prices using Expected Rates • YTM, average of the interest rates in each period (geometric)

  42. 12.4 Interpreting the Term Structure

  43. Direct relationship between YTM and forward rate • Under certainty • Uncertain • The yield curve is upward sloping at any maturity date, n, for which the forward rate for the coming period is greater than the yield at that maturity

  44. If yield curve is rising, must exceed • Example • YTM on 3-year zero is 9%, YTM on 4-year zero • If then • If , then

  45. Given an upward-sloping yield curve, What account for the higher forward rate? • Expectations of increases in can result in rising yield curve; converse is not true .

  46. Yields on Long-Term Bonds

  47. Treasury Yield Curves

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