New Horizon College English

贾新艳张建科段小虎编 New Horizon College English Unit 3 Section B Cultural Differences in Western and Japanese Decision-Making 新视野

Reading Skills Test Yourself Dictation Multiple Choice Predicting an Author’s Ideas Text B Comprehension Guide Language Points Exercises Blank-filling with new words Blank-filling with prep. or ad. Unit 3: Section B

Reading Skills: Predicting an Author’s Ideas Predicting an Author’s Ideas One way to read effectively is to predict. Making predictions or anticipating the writer’s next point is an important skill in active reading. Although we may not be able to predict every detail and although a writer may surprise us with unexpected ideas, we can often anticipate the general direction the author is going. Making predictions while you read keeps your mind alert and involved with the passage; it’s a way to double-check your comprehension of what you’ve read so far,and it can be a great aid tounderstanding what comes next. Take a look at the title of Passage A and think about what the article is possibly about: 下一页

Reading Skills: Predicting an Author’s Ideas • Title of Passage A: Where Principles Come First • The passage might be about the followingpoints: • What are the principles that come first? • 2. Why should we put forward the principles first? • 3. How are the principles accepted or appreciated or even rejected by some others? • 4. Who put forward the principles? 上一页下一页

Reading Skills: Predicting an Author’s Ideas 5. Why did he or she put forward the principles? 6. What are the striking characteristics of the person who put forward the principles?7. Are the principles being beneficial to others? 8. What can we learn from the principles? If we read the passage with care, we can find that the article only deals with some of the questions listed above, not all the questions. This is the process which is going on all the time when we are reading something with active understanding. 上一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Text B New Words QuestionPreviewing PassageReading Choice Making

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Back • Proper Names • Nomura • Securities • Tokyo Stock • Exchange • New York • Stock Exchange • Matsushita • (company) • Matsushita • Phrases and Expressions • come to grips with • work for • in contrast to • in some way • be related to • distinguish from • set up • fall through • owing to • press for • wonder at • lag behind • in a pinch • exert oneself • feasible • sophisticated • operational • sincere • pinch • aspect • dismiss • provided • exert • flexible • inflexible • loyalty • New Words • complex • grip • extreme • analyze • stability • mobile • mobility • differ • superior • inferior • negotiate • negotiation • thereby • harmony • consensus • consideration • enterprise • ministry • unity • parliament • consult • delicate • delicately • owing • successive • lag • fundamental • discard • transaction • volume

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Back Q: 1. “It means trying to measure the impact of these forces on contemporary life, and also coming to grips with changes now taking place.” (Para. 1) In this sentence the phrase “coming to grips with” means . Q: 2. One factor that explains the greater job stability in Japan is that the most important thing is . 下一页

Back Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Q: 3. A particular pattern of management behavior only works within a given culture because _________________. Q: 4. According to the author, one of the possible results of the “I to you” approach is _____________________. Q: 5. The process of Japanese style decision-making is associated with all the following except _________________. 上一页下一页

Back Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Q: 6. Which of the following statements is not true?______________________________. Q: 7. “This willingness to help in a pinch is an important aspect of Japanese problem-solving, and you find it at every level.”(Para. 16) In this sentence the phrase “in a pinch” means ___________. Q: 8. From the whole text we can see that the author is _____ about Japanese style direction-taking or decision-making. 上一页

Back Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points 请选择 Question 1 Cultural Differences in Western and Japanese Decision-Making 1 To talk about problem-solving or decision-making within a national environment means examining many complex cultural forces. It means trying to measure the impact of these forces on contemporary life, and also coming to grips with changes now taking place. 上一页下一页

Back Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Question 2 请选择 2 In Japan, the most important thing is what organization you work for. This is of extreme importance when trying to analyze the direction-taking or decision-making process. At the least, it explains the greater job stability in Japan, in contrast to the great job mobility in America. 上一页下一页

Back Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Question 3 请选择 3While we differ in many ways, such differences are neither superior nor inferior to each other. A particular pattern of management behavior develops from a complex mixture of unique cultural factors—and will only work within a given culture. 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Back 4Let me try to describe three or four characteristics of the Japanese environment that in some way affect decision-making or direction-taking and problem-solving. These characteristics are related to each other. 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Back Question 4 请选择 5First, in any approach to a problem and in any negotiations in Japan, there is the “you to you” approach, as distinguished from the Western “I to you” approach. The difference is this: in “I to you”, both sides present their arguments openly from their own point of view — they state what they want and what they expect to get. A confrontation situation is thereby set up, and Westerners are very skillful in dealing with this. 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Back 6 The “you to you” approach practiced in Japan is based on each side — automatically and often unconsciously — trying to understand the other person’s point of view. Thus, the direction of the meeting is a mutual attempt to reduce confrontation and achieve harmony. 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Back Question 5 请选择 7A second characteristic is based on “consensus opinion” and “bottom-up direction”. In Japan great consideration is given to the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels. This is true of both private enterprises and government ministries. In Japan there is a drive for unity within the group —whether it is family, company, or Parliament. 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Back 8The difference is that Western style decision-making proceeds mostly from top management and often does not consult middle management or the worker while in Japan, ideas can be created at the lowest levels, travel upward through an organization and have an impact on the eventual decision. This is “bottom up”. 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Back 9 There is also a characteristic style of communication in Japan that is different from the Western way. 10The Japanese business person works to achieve harmony, even if the deal falls through, and will spend whatever time is necessary to determine a “you to you” approach, communicating personal views only indirectly and delicately. 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Back 11 This places time in a different perspective. In Japan the Western deadline approach is secondary to a thorough job. Owing to this difference in emphasis, the Japanese are thorough in their meetings as well as in their production. Thus Americans are often frustrated by the many successive meetings in many Japanese businesses. But where the American is pressing for a specific decision, the Japanese is trying to devise a rather broad direction. 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Back 12On the other hand, once a given agreement is made, it is the Japanese who sometimes wonderat the slow pace in which Westerners implement the decision. The Japanese are eager to move forward and Westerners, perhaps, lagbehindas they take the time for in-depth planning. 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Back Question 6 请选择 13 Now, while Japan’s industry and technology are highly developed, they have not replaced the fundamental force of human energy and motivation. By that I mean that the Japanese take great pride in doing a job well and getting it done no matter how much time is required. There is a commitment and sense of responsibility which have not yet been discarded in this age of machines. 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Back 14 In my field — finance and securities — I am often asked by Westerners how NomuraSecurities has managed to escape the paper traffic jam that American firms have faced. We, too, have had that problem. The TokyoStockExchange often has between 200 and 300 million transactions a day. This volume is many times more than that of the NewYorkStockExchange. How can it be feasible to handle this load? 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Back 15 First, we have very sophisticated computers. Second, and most important, the operational personnel responsible for processing all these transactions stay and stay until the job is done. Perhaps in 20 years — or sooner — they will be more Westernized and insist on going home at five o’clock. But today, still, most insist on staying until the job is done. There is a sincere concern for quality. 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Back Question 7 请选择 16This willingness to help inapinch is an important aspect of Japanese problem-solving, and you find it at every level. Some years ago, the Matsushitacompany was having a very bad time. Among the many measures taken, Mr. Matsushita, the founder and then chairman, became the manager of the sales department. 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points Back Question 8 请选择 17 Also, when we at Nomura converted to computers about five years ago, the new system eliminated the jobs of 700 people. We did not dismiss these people; rather, we converted them to securities sales people and some of these are now our leading sales people. Provided there is intelligence and a willingness to exertyourself, there is a place within the company to try and to succeed. In Japan, a person’s capabilities are not forced into an inflexible area. And we feel the company owes a worker something for loyalty and commitment. 上一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points 返回 Refer to Para. 1 Q: 1. “It means trying to measure the impact of these forces on contemporary life, and also coming to grips with changes now taking place.” (Para. 1) In this sentence the phrase “coming to grips with” means _____. A. grasping B. learning C. neglecting D. analyzing D. analyzing 下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points 返回 Refer to Para. 2 Q: 2. One factor that explains the greater job stability in Japan is that the most important thing is _____. A. what organization you work for B. what impact of cultural forces is on your life C. what decision on you are making D. what direction you are taking A. what organization you work for 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points 返回 Refer to Para. 3 Q: 3. A particular pattern of management behavior only works within a given culture because _____. A. it reflects the direction-taking process B. it reflects the decision-making process C. it develops from a complex mixture of unique cultural factors D. it comes from the differences in direction- taking or decision-making C. it develops from a complex mixture of unique cultural factors 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points 返回 Refer to Para. 5 Q: 4. According to the author, one of the possible results of the “I to you” approach is _____. A. the appearance of confrontation B. the reduction of confrontation C. the achievement of harmony D. a mutual understanding A. the appearance of confrontation 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points 返回 Refer to Para. 7 Q: 5. The process of Japanese style decision-making is associated with all the following except ______. A. consensus opinion B. top-down C. a drive for unity within the company D. a consideration of all the thoughts and opinions of people at all levels B. top-down 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points 返回 Refer to Para. 11— 13 Q: 6. Which of the following statements is not true? A. Time is not important to the Japanese. B. In negotiations the American side is usually more eager for a specific decision. C. When an agreement is reached, it is usually the Americans who are slow in carrying out the agreement. D. This age of machines doesn’t change the Japanese much in terms of commitment and sense of responsibility. A. Time is not important to the Japanese. 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points 返回 Refer to Para. 16 Q: 7. “This willingness to help in a pinch is an important aspect of Japanese problem-solving, and you find it at every level.”(Para. 16) In this sentence the phrase “in a pinch” means _____. A. if possible B. if necessary C. a little bit D. a great deal B. if necessary 上一页下一页

Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points 返回 Q: 8. From the whole text we can see that the author is _____ about Japanese style direction-taking or decision-making. A. positive B. negative C. neither positive nor negative D. bitter A. positive 上一页

Exercises Vocabulary 《读写教程Ⅲ》 Ex. XVII, p. 86 《读写教程Ⅲ》 Ex. XVIII, p. 86

Exercises extreme negotiation delicate dismiss flexible feasible sophisticated analyze differ consult fundamental discard Back 《读写教程 III》:Ex. XVII, p.86 Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary. 1. In times of political unrest, the danger that ____ measures will be taken increases. extreme 上一页下一页

Exercises extreme negotiation delicate dismiss flexible feasible sophisticated analyze differ consult fundamental discard Back 2. I realized what I was doing and decided to have this problem ____, and I traced it back to when I was in hospital as a child. analyzed 上一页下一页

Exercises extreme negotiation delicate dismiss flexible feasible sophisticated analyze differ consult fundamental discard Back 3. This is where we ____ from the professionals — they turn in order to earn; we earn in order to turn. differ 上一页下一页

Exercises extreme negotiation delicate dismiss flexible feasible sophisticated analyze differ consult fundamental discard Back 4. All attention could now be given to ____ and to preparing for war rather than continuing the fruitless argument over how it had all come about. negotiation 上一页下一页

Exercises extreme negotiation delicate dismiss flexible feasible sophisticated analyze differ consult fundamental discard Back 5. Were the people of the country ever ____ on who was to represent their interests during the difficult years? consulted 上一页下一页

Exercises extreme negotiation delicate dismiss flexible feasible sophisticated analyze differ consult fundamental discard Back 6. She _____ all her old clothes when she moved to a new city. discarded 7. High-tech advance, however, is not _____ without a highly qualified manpower stock. feasible 上一页下一页

Exercises extreme negotiation delicate dismiss flexible feasible sophisticated analyze differ consult fundamental discard Back 8. It is ____ men and women that a good university tries to produce. sophisticated 上一页下一页

Exercises Back 《读写教程 III》:Ex. XVIII, p. 86 Fill in each of the blanks in the following sentences with a suitable preposition or adverb. 1. The Chinese culture differs ____ many ways ___ the American culture. in from 2. Some scientists believe that language has a great impact _____ people’s thinking. on 上一页下一页

Exercises Back 3. When we are together there’s no competition; neither of us feels better than or inferior ___ the other. to 4. It is believed that a particular pattern of management behavior develops ____ a complex mixture of unique cultural factors. from From 5. ____ my point of view the “you to you” approach is superior ___ the “I to you” approach. to 上一页下一页

Exercises Back 6. A very close relationship ____ teachers and students is set ____. between up 7. Americans tend to adopt an “I to you” approach ___ negotiations. to/in 8. The manager said costs must be viewed ___ a proper perspective. in 上一页下一页

Test Yourself Dictation Multiple Choice You are going to hear 5 sentences. Each will be read three times. Write down the sentences according to the dictation. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.

Test Yourself-----Dictation Key 1.We see ourselves as preparing kids for a way of life — by cultivating a comprehensive set of principles that can affect all kids. Back

Test Yourself-----Dictation Key 2. “When I came here, I insulted and cursed everybody. Every other school was, ‘Get out, we don’t want to deal with you.’” Back

Test Yourself-----Dictation Key 3. To talk about problem-solving or decision-making within a national environment means examining many complex cultural forces. Back

Test Yourself-----Dictation Key 4. While we differ in many ways, such differences are neither superior nor inferior to each other. Back

New Horizon College English