Nuclear Physics in Poland Part I: Experimental low energy nuclear physics

1. Nuclear Physics in Poland Part I: Experimental low energy nuclear physics

2. Discovery of POLONIUM and RADIUM 1898 „...the ability to radiate does not depend on the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule but it is related instead to the interior of the atom ... Maria Skłodowska-Curie1867-1934

3. Warsaw University – Andrzej Sołtan 1 MV cascade accelerator (1950) Jagiellonian University – Henryk Niewodniczański home built cyclotron U-48 (1956) 1946 - 1955 IBJ Swierk - Warsaw – reactor EWA (1958); MARIA (1968) IFJ Krakow – cyclotron U-120 (1958) Warsaw University – home built 3 MV Van de Graaff (1961) 1955 - 1970 IFJ Krakow – construction of the U-144 cyclotron Warsaw University – construction of the Warsaw Cyclotron – commisioning 1994 1970 - Warsaw University – cascade generator – ions of hundreds keV Stefan Batory University, Vilno – natural radioactivity; Ra source 1930’s

4. 27 30 17 ZFJA UW 145 ZSJ UW SLCJ UW 9 10 IPJ IF UŁ Świerk 27 10 IFJ PAN IF UŚ 14 scientists + engineers + PhD students IF UJ Warszawa Świerk Łódź Katowice Kraków

5. Structure of exotic nuclei • neutron-deficient nuclei • neutron-rich nuclei • evolution of single part. structure and collectivity • light nuclei • Nuclei under extreme conditions: • excitation and decay of giant resonances • light charged particle emission • New symmetries and high spin structure in nuclei • Nucleon-nucleon forces • three-nucleon forces • Superheavy nuclei • fusion probabilities • Dynamics of nucleus-nucleus collisions • Double beta-decay; neutron decay - time reversal conservation Experiments are carried out at many nuclear physics facilities around the world and also at our home facility – at the Warsaw Cyclotron

6. Tokyo (Japan) ORNL Oak Ridge (USA) ANL Argonne (USA) Rochester (USA) MSU (USA) Jyvaskyla Uppsala St. Petersburg Stockholm Dubna Aarhus NBI Manchester KVI HMI Liverpool POLAND Leuven FZ CRC GSI Kiev Munchen Orsay GANIL PSI Saclay CERN LNL Lyon Grenoble Milano Madrid LNS Canberra (Australia)

7. Isochronous cyclotron • diameter 200 cm; Kmax=160 • in operation since1994 • ion source: ECR, 10 GHz • beams: fromB to Ar; • energy range 2 – 10 MeV/nucl. • ~ 3000 hours of beam time per year • ~ 90% for nuclear physics experiments „User Facility”: ~ 100 users per year national (80%) foreign (20%)

8. large NaI(Tl) crystal • multiplicity filter • Si-ball - 12 triple Si telescopes OSIRIS II JANOSIK • particle detector array CUDAC • 12 HPGe detectors with AC • multiplicity filter • Si-ball - 30Si telescopes • IC electron spectrometer

9. WIGISOL Warsaw Ion Guide and Isotope Separator on Line Si detectors Gas cell Beam 8 telescopes ΔE(gas) + E(Si) 24 telescopes ΔE(Si) + E(CsI) 16 telescopes ΔE(Si)+ΔE(Si)+E(CsI) ICARE

10. HECTOR IFJ PAN Krakow INFN Milano Si – BALL SLCJ Warsaw University RFD Recoil Filter Detector IFJ PAN Krakow

11. A method to study peripheral neutron density - antiprotonic atoms (SLCJ UW Warsaw) A tool to process Coulex data - used worldwide - computer code GOSIA (SLCJ UW Warsaw) A method to studythe structure of neutron-rich nuclei - deep-inelastic reactions (IFJ PAN Krakow)

12. Examples of results

13. Chiral bands in nuclei Collaboration led by the group from ZFJ, Warsaw University Experimentsat the Warsaw Cyclotron, OSIRIS II Ge array

14. Structure of the lowest 0+ excitations in neutron-rich Mo nuclei Collaboration led by the Warsaw Coulex group, SLCJ, Warsaw University Experimentsat the Warsaw Cyclotron, CUDAC particle detection system

15. Other results from the Warsaw Cyclotron: • Fusion Barrier Distributions for the systems • 20,22Ne + 118Sn, natNi • Giant Dipole Radiation and Isospin Mixing in 44Ti and 60Zn • Quadrupole Deformation of states in 14C • from 11B+14C Scattering • PhD theses at the Warsaw Cyclotron: • 4 completed • 12 in progress

16. Two proton radioactivity Collaboration led by the group from ZSJ, Warsaw University Experimentsat GSI

17. 124Sn 124Sn neutrons Nuclear periphery studied with antiprotonic atoms protons „neutron skin” „neutron halo” Collaboration led by the group from SLCJ, Warsaw Univ. Experimentsat CERN

18. 26 28 29 18 30 32 10 34 36 38 0 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 E [MeV] Evolution of the equilibrium shape of46Ti 60 50 40 Jacobi shape transitions in rapidly rotating nuclei g 30 Spin 20 10 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 GDR strength function b LSD model: shape evolution Coriolis splitting Collaboration led by the group from IFJ PAN, Krakow Experiments in Strasbourg with EUROBALL [a. u.] g Y g

19. New magic number N=32 Collaboration led by the group from IFJ PAN, Krakow Experiments at Argonne National Lab. USA with GAMMASPHERE 32

20. Participation in large international collaborations

21. 11 countries AGATA ZFJA UW Avanced Gamma Tracking Array SLCJ UW Warszawa IPJ Świerk • Commitments: • Global level • processing • Data Analysis • Ancillary Detectors Łódź IFJ PAN Katowice 6 man-years Kraków

22. 16 countries ZFJA UW ZSJ UW SLCJ UW Warszawa Rare ISotope INvestigation at GSI IPJ Świerk Łódź IFJ PAN Commitment: Contribution to the running cost of 7% Katowice Kraków IF UJ

23. 6 countries ION Catcher ZSJ UW SLCJ UW Warszawa Effective Slowing-Down, Stopping in a Gas Cell and Extraction of Radioactive Ions IPJ Świerk Łódź • Development of a helium • thermalisation gas cell • Optimisation of an ion • extraction at WIGISOL Katowice Kraków

24. ZFJA UW 7 countries Warszawa CHIMERA REVERSE ISOSPIN Świerk Łódź • Isospin effects in • nucleus-nucleus • collisions • One-body vs. two- • body dissipation • mechanism IF UŚ IFJ PAN Katowice Kraków IF UJ

25. ZFJA UW ZSJ UW SPIRAL 2 SLCJ UW Warszawa at GANIL IPJ Świerk IFJ PAN Kraków IF UJ

26. ZFJA UW FAIR at GSI FLAIR ZSJ UW SLCJ UW Warszawa IPJ Świerk Łódź Facility for Low Antiproton Ion Research IFJ PAN Katowice Kraków IF UJ

27. Optical Time Projection Chamber – OTPC a novel type of ionization chamberto obtain 3-dimensional topology of the two protons emittedfrom the 45Fe ground state. (ZSJ Warsaw University) Gas detector using gas scintillation To be installed at the SHE detection system working at GANIL (IF Jagiellonian University)

28. Multidetector system TROLL A new initiative - a new multidectetcor system TROLL to study Electromagnetic Transition Probabilities in nuclei by combining the two methods: Coulomb Excitation Method Doppler Shift Attenuation and Recoil Distance Method TROLL would consist of: - 20-30 Ge ACS spectrometers - 60 BaF2 detectors as multiplicity filter - COULEX chamber with 50-110 P-i-N Silicon detectors - Si inner ball for proton and alpha muliplicity - few Ge polarimeters Presently available equipment amounts to about 2 million Euro About 300 - 400 thousand Euros is needed to complete the construction of TROLL.

29. Funding of low energy nuclear physics • by the Ministry of Science: • Research grants: ~100 thousand Euros/year • International • collaboration ~70 thousand Euros/year • Development • of instrumentation ~250 thousand Euros/year

30. We have research groups that carry out various studies at the frontiers of low energy nuclear physics in collaboration with most of the major laboratories in the world. • We have a noticable experimental potential at home. • We are involved in many large international collaborations. • We have plans to develop new instrumentation at our labs. • Young people !

31. A quote of Maria Sklodowska-Curie: • A scientist in his laboratory is not a mere technician: • he is also a child confronting natural phenomena • that impress him as though they were fairy tales.