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Understanding tourism impacts & types of alternative tourism

TOMG200. Understanding tourism impacts & types of alternative tourism. Aims of today’s lecture:. To illustrate some examples of the potential impacts of tourism on different environments To critically review ‘alternative tourism(s)’ as a quest for ‘sustainable tourism’.

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Understanding tourism impacts & types of alternative tourism

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  1. TOMG200 Understanding tourism impacts & types of alternative tourism

  2. Aims of today’s lecture: • To illustrate some examples of the potential impacts of tourism on different environments • To critically review ‘alternative tourism(s)’ as a quest for ‘sustainable tourism’

  3. Some examples of the impacts of tourism on different environments:Video: Impacts of Tourism [G155.A1I45 2001]

  4. Cultural Impacts – preservation, appreciation, cultural exchange, local skills, authenticity. Physical Impacts - - Urban - Rural - Built - Natural Tourism Social Impacts – social changes, quality of life, ‘spirit of place’, displacement. Economic Impacts- jobs, income, multplier, development, dependence.

  5. Addressing tourism impacts • (Sustainable) tourism planning • Control & measures (e.g. EIA) • Host community support • Collaboration • Tourist behaviour • Global (sustainable) resource management and development

  6. ‘Sustainable development’ (Hall & Lew, 2009: 53) • WCED (Brundtland Report) 1987: Development ‘that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ • Holistic planning • Preservation • Protection • Sustained productivity • Better balance of fairness & opportunity between nations

  7. ‘Sustainable tourism’ • Informed by the principles of ‘sustainable development’ • Meeting the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future (WTO, 1998) • Impact studies and assessment take into account concepts of sustainability • Impact: a change in a given state over time as the result of an external stimulus • Requires more critical and comprehensive analysis; argued to be vague, unrealistic and misguided

  8. Evolution of thought (Lu & Nepal, 2009: 12-13) • Sustainable tourism is the resolution and the polar opposite to mass tourism (1980’s) • ST and MT concepts with a continuum of various sustainability dimensions (1990’s) • ST is the (practical) goal to be achieved, not a specific tourism product • (Now) ST is a goal applicable to all forms of tourism (conventional or alternative)

  9. Types of ‘tourism’ under the rubric of ‘sustainable tourism’

  10. Example: Marlon Brando’s ecotourism island http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVHadXU8qIo&feature=related

  11. ‘Alternative Tourism’ - Is Ecotourism the path to sustainability? • Most commonly reported type of ‘sustainable tourism’ (1993-1997: see Lu & Nepal, 2009: 13) • A marketing tool? (see Wheeler, 1991) • A micro solution to a macro problem?(Liu, 2003) • Example: • The Struggle for Sustainable Tourism in Ecuador [G155.A1 I448 2011]

  12. Summary of key points: • Impacts indicate change • Tourism is a complex ‘system’ • Integrated tourism management is required • Our understanding of tourism impacts remains fragmented: • Different scales of analysis • Inconsistent research methods • Adhoc research • Difficulty in distinguishing ‘tourism’ impacts • Are there ‘alternative’ more sustainable forms of tourism activity – e.g. volunteering? • Consider ‘alternative’ as product & conceptual ‘ideal’

  13. This week’s reading: • Chapter 1 of Hall & Lew (2009)

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