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The Enlightenment Thinkers

The Enlightenment Thinkers. at least some of them. John Locke: (English) 1632-1704. Human nature is essentially good/moral. John Locke:  1632-1704. Human nature is essentially good/moral

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The Enlightenment Thinkers

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  1. The Enlightenment Thinkers at least some of them...

  2. John Locke: (English)1632-1704 • Human nature is essentially good/moral

  3. John Locke: 1632-1704 • Human nature is essentially good/moral • We have God given rights of life, liberty, property, and it is the government's job to protect those rights

  4. John Locke: 1632-1704 • Human nature is essentially good/moral • We have God given rights of life, liberty, property, and it is the government's job to protect those rights • Social Contract- you give up certain rights in order to have others protected and maximized

  5. John Locke: 1632-1704 • Human nature is essentially good/moral • We have God given rights of life, liberty, property, and it is the government's job to protect those rights • Social Contract- you give up certain rights in order to have others protected and maximized • There is an abundance of resources in the world, so people do not need to fight over them... enough to go around

  6. Thomas Hobbes: (English)1588-1679 • State of nature is characterized by scarcity and fear.  Men are the "solitary, poor, hasty, brutish sort."

  7. Thomas Hobbes:1588-1679 • State of nature is characterized by scarcity and fear.  Men are the "solitary, poor, hasty, brutish sort." • Natural right is to protect yourself, to SURVIVE

  8. Thomas Hobbes:1588-1679 • State of nature is characterized by scarcity and fear.  Men are the "solitary, poor, hasty, brutish sort." • Natural right is to protect yourself, to SURVIVE • Social Contract- you give up all power to an absolute ruler

  9. Thomas Hobbes:1588-1679 • State of nature is characterized by scarcity and fear.  Men are the "solitary, poor, hasty, brutish sort." • Natural right is to protect yourself, to SURVIVE • Social Contract- you give us all power to an absolute ruler • There is an inherent scarcity of resources in the world and mankind will fight for what he needs to survive.

  10. Isaac Newton: (English)1643-1727 • Defined the 3 laws of motion

  11. Isaac Newton: (English)1643-1727 • Defined the 3 laws of motion • Universal law of gravitation

  12. Isaac Newton: (English)1643-1727 • Defined the 3 laws of motion • Universal law of gravitation • Showed that one universal law, mathematically proven could explain all motion in the universe

  13. Isaac Newton: (English)1643-1727 • Defined the 3 laws of motion • Universal law of gravitation • Showed that one universal law, mathematically proven could explain all motion in the universe  • Created a new picture of the universe which worked according to Natural Law rather than religious

  14. Isaac Newton: (English)1643-1727 • Defined the 3 laws of motion • Universal law of gravitation • Showed that one universal law, mathematically proven could explain all motion in the universe  • Created a new picture of the universe which worked according to Natural Law rather than religious • Most famous and first book entitled "Principia" which helped to remove the last doubts about heliocentricism and propelled the Scientific Revolution

  15. Charles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu: (French)1689-1755 • All things are made up of laws that never change, and can be studied scientifically

  16. Charles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu: (French)1689-1755 • All things are made up of laws that never change, and can be studied scientifically • 3 Types of Government:        1. Monarchy (King or Queen) for moderate size states       2. Republic (ruled by an elected leader) for small states       3. Despotism (ruled by a dictator) for large states

  17. Charles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu: (French)1689-1755 • All things are made up of laws that never change, and can be studied scientifically • 3 Types of Government:        1. Monarchy (King or Queen) for moderate size states       2. Republic (ruled by an elected leader) for small states       3. Despotism (ruled by a dictator) for large states • Balance of Power is essential- 3 branches of Government: EXECUTIVE/JUDICIAL/LEGISLATIVE Basis of the US Constitution

  18. Francois-Marie Arouet (pen-name: Voltaire): French1694-1778 • 1717 writings got him an 11 month prison sentence for a scathing commentary on French government.  Wrote his first success "Oedipe" with the pen name Voltaire

  19. Francois-Marie Arouet (pen-name: Voltaire): French1694-1778 • 1717 writings got him an 11 month prison sentence for a scathing commentary on French government.  Wrote his first success "Oedipe" with the pen name Voltaire • Attracted to philosophies of Locke and Newton

  20. Francois-Marie Arouet (pen-name: Voltaire): French1694-1778 • 1717 writings got him an 11 month prison sentence for a scathing commentary on French government.  Wrote his first success "Oedipe" with the pen name Voltaire • Attracted to philosophies of Locke and Newton • Strong belief in religious toleration

  21. Francois-Marie Arouet (pen-name: Voltaire): French1694-1778 • 1717 writings got him an 11 month prison sentence for a scathing commentary on French government.  Wrote his first success "Oedipe" with the pen name Voltaire • Attracted to philosophies of Locke and Newton • Strong belief in religious toleration • Championed Deism> religious philosophy based on reason and natural law. Newton's idea of a world machine. God = the mechanic, runs on natural law- like a clock

  22. Denis Diderot: (French)1713-1784 • Most famous contribution to the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia- purpose was to change the general way of thinking

  23. Denis Diderot: (French)1713-1784 • Most famous contribution to the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia- purpose was to change the general way of thinking • Like Voltaire- supported religious toleration

  24. Denis Diderot: (French)1713-1784 • Most famous contribution to the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia- purpose was to change the general way of thinking • Like Voltaire- supported religious toleration • Helped to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment "Internet of his time"

  25. Adam Smith: (Scottish)1723-1790 • Published "The Wealth of Nations" which taught Laissez-Faire- let the people do what they want: Government keeps its hands off the economy

  26. Adam Smith: (Scottish)1723-1790 • Published "The Wealth of Nations" which taught Laissez-Faire- let the people do what they want: Government keeps its hands off the economy • Government has only 3 responsibilities:

  27. Adam Smith: (Scottish)1723-1790 • Published "The Wealth of Nations" which taught Laissez-Faire- let the people do what they want: Government keeps its hands off the economy • Government has only 3 responsibilities:         1. Protect from invasion (army)

  28. Adam Smith: (Scottish)1723-1790 • Published "The Wealth of Nations" which taught Laissez-Faire- let the people do what they want: Government keeps its hands off the economy • Government has only 3 responsibilities:         1. Protect from invasion (army)         2. Protect from injustice (police)

  29. Adam Smith: (Scottish)1723-1790 • Published "The Wealth of Nations" which taught Laissez-Faire- let the people do what they want: Government keeps its hands off the economy • Government has only 3 responsibilities:         1. Protect from invasion (army)         2. Protect from injustice (police)         3. Keep up certain public works ie: roads, canals,                            (infrastructure) that private individuals could not afford

  30. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss)1712-1778 • Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order

  31. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss)1712-1778 • Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order • Most important work = "The Social Contract" describes the relationship of man with society

  32. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss)1712-1778 • Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order • Most important work = "The Social Contract" describes the relationship of man with society • Attacked notion of private property. Some say is a fore-bearer of modern socialism

  33. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss)1712-1778 • Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order • Most important work = "The Social Contract" describes the relationship of man with society • Attacked notion of private property. Some say is a fore-bearer of modern socialism • Questioned the correctness of the will of the majority

  34. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss)1712-1778 • Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order • Most important work = "The Social Contract" describes the relationship of man with society • Attacked notion of private property. Some say is a fore-bearer of modern socialism • Questioned the correctness of the will of the majority • Politics and morality should not be separated

  35. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss)1712-1778 • Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order • Most important work = "The Social Contract" describes the relationship of man with society • Attacked notion of private property. Some say is a fore-bearer of modern socialism • Questioned the correctness of the will of the majority • Politics and morality should not be separated • The state is created to preserve freedom

  36. Cesare Beccaria: (Italian)1738-1794 • Punishments should not be exercises in brutality-condemned torture

  37. Cesare Beccaria: (Italian)1738-1794 • Punishments should not be exercises in brutality-condemned torture • opposed capital punishment- believed it did not stop others from committing crimes, but rather set an example of barbarism

  38. Mary Wollstonecraft: (English)1759-1797 • Founder of modern European and American movement for woman's rights

  39. Mary Wollstonecraft: (English)1759-1797 • Founder of modern European and American movement for woman's rights • Her book "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" identified 2 problems with the views of the Enlightenment thinkers:

  40. Mary Wollstonecraft: (English)1759-1797 • Founder of modern European and American movement for woman's rights • Her book "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" identified 2 problems with the views of the Enlightenment thinkers:         1. Those that argued that women obey men also argued                that arbitrary  (random) powers of monarchs was wrong

  41. Mary Wollstonecraft: (English)1759-1797 • Founder of modern European and American movement for woman's rights • Her book "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" identified 2 problems with the views of the Enlightenment thinkers:         1. Those that argued that women obey men also argued                that arbitrary  (random) powers of monarchs was wrong         2. Enlightenment based on ideas that reason is present in             ALL human beings

  42. Mary Wollstonecraft: (English)1759-1797 • Founder of modern European and American movement for woman's rights • Her book "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" identified 2 problems with the views of the Enlightenment thinkers:         1. Those that argued that women obey men also argued                that arbitrary (random) powers of monarchs was wrong         2. Enlightenment based on ideas that reason is present in             ALL human beings • Women should have equal rights in education, economic and political life

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