Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

1. Yesterday you learned how each reform group wanted to improve society in the mid-1800s. How would these groups operate today? Would it be the same or would they focus on another type of reform. • Write down an example of how each one of these groups would work for reform today. Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Education Temperance Abolitionism Prison & Mental Health Women’s Rights

2. “AIN'T I A WOMAN?” by Sojourner Truth“That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head (best) me! And ain't I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man - when I could get it - and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman? I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman?” What do you think Sojourner Truth spoke out against or spoke in support of? Give evidence from the passage.

3. On your paper, write down an example of how these groups tried to change society in America in 1800. How are they still working today? Prisons/Mental Institutions Education Abolitionist Reform how prisoners and mentally ill were treated. Abolish slavery Make education available to all people (Public Ed) Reform Movements Literature Women’s suffrage Informed people about social problems Women’s Rights Temperance Limit or stop the use of alcohol

4. How did the art of John James Audubon contribute to new understanding in science? • His study of plant life led to a new understanding of botany. His work inspired future plant scientists. B. His study of American birds provided for a new understanding of anatomy and animal behavior. His work inspired future naturalists. C. His study of American landscapes provided for a new understanding of geology and Earth history. His work inspired future geologists. D. His study of human dissections provided for a new understanding of the human circulatory system. His work inspired future doctors.

5. Reform Movement To improve the lives of Americans

6. 1.The Second Great Awakening A religious movement of faith: people could choose to save their souls by helping others. This spirit of helping others inspired many new reform movements. Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Education Temperance Abolitionism Prison & Mental Health Women’s Rights

7. Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting

8. New sense of Democracy and religion. When Andrew Jackson became president, a new sense of democracy spread. This inspired people to see that everyday people can make a difference by speaking up, writing pamphlets, and actually doing something to make changes in society. What major spiritual movement inspired thousands of people that they could and should help others? Led to a desire to reform (change) society for the better.

9. Prison & Mental Health Reform Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) 1821  first penitentiary foundedin Auburn, NY R1-5/7

10. Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

11. Temperance Movement 1826 - American Temperance Society“Demon Rum”! Frances Willard The Beecher Family R1-6

12. “The Drunkard’s Progress” From the first glass to the grave, 1846

13. Educational Reform Religious Training  Secular Education • MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform • 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools. • By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. • US had one of the highest literacy rates.

14. Horace Mann (1796-1859) “Father of American Education” • children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials • children should be “molded” into a state of perfection • discouraged corporal punishment • established state teacher- training programs R3-6

15. The McGuffey Eclectic Readers • Used religious parables to teach “American values. • Teach middle class morality and respect for order. • Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety) R3-8

16. Women’s Rights Movement

17. Early 19c Women • Unable to vote. • Legal status of a minor. (2nd class citizens) • Single  could own her own property. • Married  no control over herproperty or her children. • Could not initiate divorce. • Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

18. “Separate Spheres” Concept “Cult of Domesticity” • A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside). • Her role was to “civilize” her husband andfamily. • An 1830s MA minister: The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

19. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society. Lucy Stone Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké • American Women’sSuffrage Assoc. • edited Woman’s Journal • Southern Abolitionists R2-9

20. What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way! R2-8

21. R2-6/7 Founders of Women’s Rights • They organized the first Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. • Stanton published a book called Declaration of Sentiments taken after the Declaration of Independence. • Mott published Discourse on Women Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton

22. Seneca Falls Declaration

23. Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)or Isabella Baumfree “Ain’t I a woman?” 1850 The Narrative of Sojourner Truth

24. “AIN'T I A WOMAN?” by Sojourner Truth“That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head (best) me! And ain't I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man - when I could get it - and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman? I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman?” What do you think Sojourner Truth spoke out against or spoke in support of?

25. Abolitionist Movement 1816  American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation.) British Colonization Society symbol

27. Abolitionist Movement • Create a free slave state in Liberia, West Africa. • No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s. Vs. Gradualists Immediatists

28. Anti-Slavery Alphabet

29. William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879) • Slavery undermined republican values. • Immediate emancipation with NO compensation. • Slavery was a moral, not an economic issue. Premiere issue  January 1, 1831 R2-4

30. The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!

31. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) 1st Black spokesman and leader for equal rights to end slavery. 1845 The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass 1847 “The North Star” R2-12

32. Warm up • What do you know about the Underground Railroad? • What was the goal of the Underground Railroad? Where were these people going? Read pg. 426 • Who was the most famous “Conductor” on the Underground Railroad. • According to your own judgment, was the Underground Railroad a success? Explain in detail.

33. The Underground Railroad

34. The Underground Railroad • “Conductor” ==== leader of the escaped slaves • “Passengers” ==== escaping slaves • “Tracks” ==== routes taken to escape • “Trains” ==== farm wagons transportingthe escaping slaves • “Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

35. Follow the Drinking Gourd SongThe Drinking Gourd, otherwise known as the Big Dipper, helped to lead slaves to Canada. Once in Canada, slaves gained their freedom and were no longer an object owned by a master. When the sun comes back and the first quail calls,Follow the Drinking Gourd.For the old man is waiting for to carry you to freedom,If you follow the Drinking Gourd. The river bank makes a very good road,The dead trees show you the way,Left foot, peg foot, traveling onFollow the Drinking Gourd. The river ends between two hills,Follow the Drinking Gourd.There's another river on the other side,Follow the Drinking Gourd. Where the great big river meets the little river,Follow the Drinking Gourd.For the old man is awaiting to carry you to freedom if youfollow the Drinking Gourd.

36. Harriet Tubman(1820-1913) • Helped over 300 slaves to freedom. • $40,000 bounty on her head. • Served as a Union spy during the Civil War. “Moses”

37. Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground Railroad

38. Quakers • A religious group that first settled in Pennsylvania • Were pacifists (against war) • Were the first to speak out against slavery

39. Labor Reform • Fought for rights of workers, especially in the factories in the Northwest. • Men, women, children, and even immigrants • Labor Unions • Strike

40. Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

41. Early “Union” Newsletter

42. I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes I'm a factory girlEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!I'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest! • List any words you do not understand. • Write down the words she uses to describe working in a factory. • What rights did she have in the workplace? • How is working in a factory different today? Why?

43. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

44. The Early Union Movement Workingman’s Party (1829)* Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City. Early unions were usually local, social, and weak. Commonwealth v. Hunt(1842). Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil War period.

45. What's Happening in America by the 1850s?

46. National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860 • How are the Irish and the German immigrants settlement in America different. • Why did the Irish face bitter prejudice?

47. European Immigrants

48. Paddy’s ladder to wealth in a Free Country • Many Irish were discriminated against during this time. Why do you think they were? • Is the picture a positive or negative image of Irish immigrants? Explain what in the picture tells you this?

49. Know-Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner” • What is a nativist? • What does it mean to be prejudice?

50. Prisons/Mental Institutions Abolitionists Education Reform Movements & Reformers Literature Women’s Rights Temperance