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The English Political Revolution

The English Political Revolution. WEEK 5. Chapter 3 : The evolution of political institutions. THE BIRTH OF POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS The conflicts between King and Parliament (1603-1640) 1. Absolutism of the King 2. Financial policies of the Crown 3. Religious reasons.

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The English Political Revolution

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  1. The English Political Revolution WEEK 5

  2. Chapter 3: The evolution of political institutions • THE BIRTH OF POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS • The conflicts between King and Parliament (1603-1640) 1. Absolutism of the King 2. Financial policies of the Crown 3. Religious reasons. B. The two Civil Wars (1640-1649) 1. The lead-up to the war 2. The two civil Wars 3. The intellectual ferment C. The Commonwealth (1649-1660) • A chaotic and unstable political situation • Cromwell’s achievements

  3. Marriage between Marguerite Tudor (Henry VIII’s sister) and James IV of Scotland in 1503 • 1601: James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England, Scotland, Wales • The Scottish Church (Presbyterian) = the Kirk

  4. 1. Absolutism of the Kings • James I/Charles I = monarch’s divine right, subjects have to obey the unlimited powers of the King • Very limited role of the parlt= to assent to taxation and ratify the monarch’s decisions

  5. 2. ABUSIVE TAXATION • Indirect taxation: custom duties+ taxes on consumer goods • Lavish spending • 30-Year-War in 1618-1648 against Spain and France • 1627: forced loan • 1628: Petition of Rights = illegal to tax without Parlt’s consent + imprison • 1629-1640: Parliament dissolved= "eleven years tyranny"

  6. 3. RELIGIOUS REASONS • 1603: Millenary Petition (Puritan request) >>> James I’s answer = "no bishop, no king" • November 5, 1605= Gunpowder Plot= Guy Fawkes arrested >>> anti-Catholic hatred • Charles I= married to a French Catholic (Henrietta Maria) + Instructions 1626: reintroduced Catholic practices

  7. >>> Alliance between the Parliament and the Puritans • > Puritans were against the episcopacy • > the Parliament was against the arbitrary power of the king. • The episcopacy reinforced the power and despotism of the King whereas Presbyterianism was more democratic since it relied on the people's power

  8. The lead-up to the war • 1639/1640: The Bishops’ war with Scotland • 1640: The Short Parliament (3 weeks) • England declares war on Scotland > a failure • King forced to call a new Parliament = the Long Parliament

  9. 1641-1642 • 1641: The Grand Remonstrance • January 1642: arrest of 5 MPs • March 1642 : the parliament took control of the army. • January 1642: the 19 Propositions • August 1642: King gathered his army at Nottingham

  10. 1642-1646: First Civil War • The parliamentary armies = the Roundheads, (short hair) led by Cromwell and his New Model Army = the Puritans, the most militant MPs, the Navy, merchants, the South and East, the population of London >>> in control of most of the national and international sources of wealth + helped by Scotland • The supporters of the king = the Cavaliers (fought on horseback/long hair). • = Catholics, the Nobles and gentry, half of all Members of Parliament, the poorer areas of the North and West • = had no way of raising money • >>> defeated in 1646, king was imprisoned.

  11. 1647-1649: 2nd Civil War • Nov 8th 1647, Charles I negotiated with the Scots >>> promise to have a three-year period of Presbyterianism. • December 1647, no plans were put in place >>> Scottish invasion of England. • 1648 : Parliament was purged of the King's sympathisers by the Army (Colonel Pride and his soldiers = Pride's Purge) who established a new Parliament = the Rump Parliament now dominated by the army and Levellers. • Charles I was brought to trial as an enemy of the People, pronounced guilty and executed in January 1649.

  12. An intellectual ferment • Financial abuse of the Parlt • Religious reform: Adoption of the Presbyterian system //Scotland ≠ England • Refusal of dissenting sects (Baptists, Quakers) • Political reformers: the Levellers • The Heads of the Proposals in 1647 = a written constitution • 1649: The Agreement of the People

  13. The Commonwealth of England = the Interregnum • Monarchywasabolished + House of Lords + the Anglican Church • Englandwas a Republic • The RumpParliament + the Council of State • Very conservative/Levellersarrested/distrust of the Army • Dissolved in April 1653 • July 1653: The NominatedAssembly/ a Parliament of Saints (144, elite, ecointerests) >>> Resigned • Dec 1653: The Instrument of Government (onlywritten Constitution) • The Protectorate = the Lord Protector of a United Commonwealth+ an independentcouncil + an electedparlt • Dissolved in 1655 • 1657: Humble Petition and advice = Cromwell a self proclaimed King + a new a house of life peers

  14. Cromwell’s achievements • A very controversial figure: • a regicidal dictator or a military dictator • a hero of liberty • Genocidal acts in Scotland and Ireland against Catholics • Franchise linked to wealth • Puritan rule, a nation of Saints, a godly republic rid of the monarchic antichrist • A reformation of manners

  15. INTERPRETATION OF THE CIVIL WAR • A constitutionalfightbetweentwosides: • an absolutist, reactionary, King • a reforming, democraticParliament • >>> paving the way for the liberaldemocracy, Parliamentarysovereignty and a constitutionalmonarchy

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