Presentation Transcript

1. Chapter 17 ~ Ancient CivilizationsUncovered

2. Pompeii Bell Ringer Read “The Story of Pompeii” Article & then answer the questions below… Give the exact date of the eruption. Aug. 24, 79 AD People of Pompeii were still recovering from an earthquake ______17________ years ago. If lava didn’t destroy Pompeii, what did? Million tons of ash and small & VERY hot stones Archeologist found __18__ people in a cellar. Why a cellar? They thought they would be safe under ground Name the 3 ways people died at Pompeii. Rock falling on them, suffocated, or poisoned by gas How are we able to see the faces of those who died?By using plaster & filling in the holes in the volcanic rock Name the other famous city destroyed. Herculaneum When was the last eruption? 1944
3. 1. Pompeii, Italy First occupied in the 8th century BC Those who occupied city (in order)… Etruscans Saminites (Greek) Romans
4. Characteristics of Pompeii… 163 acres - surrounded by a 3 kilometer wall containing 8 gates. population of 10,000 - 20,000 people, about 60% freemen and 40% slaves two-thirds of the walled city is occupied by private buildings including shops, offices, inns and houses public buildings such as bath houses, public fountains, temples, a large theatre, a court house, and an amphitheatre area outside the city gates is the Necropolis or cemetery.
5. * Characteristics of Mt. Vesuvius Most famous volcano in the world Tourist are allowed to hike up the volcano on trails Has erupted dozen of times & has killed thousands of people over the past two thousand years Most recent eruption was March 1944
6. On August 24, 79 AD, Mt. Vesuvius erupted on the city of 20,000 inhabitants Causes of Death… The volcanic ash choked & suffocated every living thing People died instantly, literally baked alive by the hot air of the surge Poisoned by the gases from the volcano The 20 feet of ash & earth that buried the town resulted in a mummification for the entire city and captured a moment in time
7. Under the ash everything remained as it was at the time of the eruption… Artwork & Buildings were preserved Petrified bread in ovens People & Animals Pompeii stayed buried for around 1,700 years
8. Pliny The Elder (23-79 AD) Had a public & military career for the Roman Empire Known for his written works about natural history When Mt. Vesuvius started to explode he boarded his ships to see the eruption up close He never made it back to the ship & died Pliny the Elder didn’t have any children of his own, but adopted his nephew (Pliny the Younger) and raised him The younger was also a writer
9. Pliny the Younger (62-113 A.D.) The nephew of Pliny the Elder Observed eruption of Mt. Vesuvius from Bay of Naples at Misenum Received first-hand reports from those who had been with his uncle at his death Wrote two letters that recount the events surrounding the eruption of Vesuvius and the death of Pliny the Elder Letters survived and provides a vivid account of the events
10. EXCAVATION BEGINS… Between 1594 and 1600, Domenico Fontana dug an underground channel through Pompeii, but no investigations were conducted 1748 – the first scientific exploration of the site took place & was directed by Charles of Bourbon (King of Spain). 1860 - Giuseppe Fiorelli (head of excavation) invented a system of pouring liquid plaster into the spaces left in the ash bed. Today clear resin is used instead of plaster because it is more durable, and does not destroy the bones, allowing further analysis.
11. About 80% of the ruins at Pompeii have been excavated and studied There are still archaeologists working in Pompeii discovering the historical sequence of urban development in the city Efforts to conserve the monuments and present them to millions of visitors coming each year Cost about 11 Euros to see the ruins (self guided) All money earned goes back into the ruins for preservation, conservation, and archeology digs
12. Herculaneum Destroyed in 79AD by a ground-hugging avalanche of hot ash & lava, pumice, rock fragments, and volcanic gas that rushes down the side of a volcano as fast as 100 km/hour or more. 1st discovered in the 18th Century & robbed of treasures 1749 to 1765 was explored on a more scientific basis 20th Century, archaeological excavations re-commenced
13. 2. Poverty Point, LA Built eight centuries after Egyptians Great Pyramids but constructed before the great Mayan pyramids 3,500 years ago by Native Americans 1600 B.C. Developed a complex array of earthen mounds and ridges overlooking the Mississippi River flood plain. 400 acres Named for Poverty Point Plantation We don’t know the original name of the site 52 miles northeast of Monroe, LA
14. CONSTRUCTION of RIDGES 6 rows of concentric ridges, at one time were 5 feet high 5 aisles and 6 sections of ridges form a partial octagon Theory is that the ridges served as foundations for dwellings features and midden deposits uncovered during excavations support this theory
15. CONSTRUCTION of MOUNDS Evidence shows that mounds were constructed by having baskets of soil dumped on top of each other “basket loading construction”
16. Mounds Mound A = Bird Mound 70 feet tall Mound B = cupcake top 20 feet tall Mound C = Dunbar Mound Post holes found here Mound D = Sarah’s Mound Cemetery (recent) Pottery 2,000 years younger Mound E = Ballcourt Mound 300 feet sides
17. Artifacts Dating to 1000-2000 B.C Some of the artifacts were made from materials found as far away as the Great Lakes & Appalachian Mountains Materials… Flint Soapstone Hematite Copper Local stones & soil Slate
18. Artifacts Include… Arrowheads Stone Hoe Bowls Stone Beads Birds Owls Figurines Females with heads missing
19. Cooking Balls Also known as Poverty Point Objects – PPO’s used to prepare meals dozens of the cooking balls were heated in a bonfire and dropped in pits along with food Different-shaped balls controlled cooking temperatures and cooking time
20. Excavation Still being excavated today Only 1% of the site has been uncovered Information about the Native Americans of this site are still unknown farmers destroyed much of the old City, they leveled the land to plow Open 9am-5pm daily, $4 per person Museum Trails Guided tours
21. 3. The CSS H.L. Hunley, SC World's first successful submarine “torpedo fish” 1863 – built in Mobile, AL by Horace Hunley for the Confederate States of America during the Civil War 42 feet long & 14 tons Cast iron and wrought iron 8 people max Hand-cranked propeller Arrive in Charleston, SC on Aug. 12, 1863 to help the Confederacy move past the Union blockade in Charleston Harbor
22. The sub was originally under Hunley’s control, but was then seized and turned over to the Confederate Navy First Crew - Aug. 28, 1863… 8 men –3 survived (all volunteered for job) Sank due to accidentally diving under with hatches open Sub was retrieved from the bottom of the harbor Second Crew – Oct. 15, 1863… Hunley was allowed to get a volunteer crew from Mobile who knew how to operate the sub Sank during a routine exercise & all 8 men including Hunley died Again the sub was retrieved from the bottom of the harbor & a new volunteer crew was est. under the command of Lt. George E. Dixon
23. Third Crew – Feb. 17, 1864… Lt. George E. Dixon & 7 volunteers Final crew Most documents about 3rd crew were destroyed by the Confederacy after the war due to “confederate secrete service” – to protect the identities of the crew Crew was able to plant a 135 pound torpedo into the Union Warship Housatonic 150-foot attached detonation rope Ship burned for 3 minutes and killed 5 sailors Hunley became the first submarine ever to sink an enemy ship. The Hunley signaled “victory” with a lantern & then disappeared
24. Since the end of the civil war people have been searching for the famous sub There was even a $100,000 reward offered by P.T. Barnum resting place unknown for well over a century May 3, 1995- Clive Cussler found the Hunley resting on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean buried deep within the sand and silt just outside of Charleston Harbor lost at sea for 137 years Took 15 years to find & $130,000 N.U.M.A. archeologists Ralph Wilbanks, Wes Hall, and Harry Pecorelli. August 8, 2000 – Hunley was finally lifted from ocean
25. The "quick burial" of the sub protected the rusty hull from the salt-bearing currents that normally erode sunken ships Archaeologists believe that the sediment within the ship may have helped preserve the bodies of Lt. Dixon and his crew. Within the sub the archeologist found… Bones Skulls Brain Matter Fabric Personal Belongings
26. Preservation Once raised the sub was immediately transported to the Warren Lasch Conservation Center in Charleston, SC It was placed in a large steel tank filled with 55,000 gallons of chilled fresh water minimize bacteria and corrosion activity begin the process of desalination Excavation of the interior of the hull began January 21, 2001
27. LT. DIXON'S GOLD COIN good luck charm from his love $20 dollar gold piece, minted 1860 One side - image of Lady Liberty other side -federal shield & eagle inscribed by hand – Shiloh April 6, 1862 My life Preserver G. E. D. During Battle of Shiloh, George was shot point blank in his leg Bullet hit center of the coin Story of coin was a legend of the war until found in sub
28. MILITARY ID TAG April 27, 2001 - the name and class of Ezra Chamberlain, Private, 7th Connecticut Infantry, Union Forces. found on the back lower portion of the skull of a crewman Why was a UNION ID Tag found on a Confederate Sub? Forensic Experts found out that the crewman was in his 30’s, but according to records… Ezra would have been only 24 when the sub sank he died in action in 1863 ID Tag was a battlefield souvenir
29. Crew Burial April 17th, 2004 Ceremony began at 9.15 am with a memorial service 4.5 mile horse drawn procession through the city of Charleston People followed procession in 19th century period clothing Eight-man crew was then laid to rest next to others who lost their life on Hunley test missions.
30. Visiting the CSS Hunley Saturday from 10 AM - 5 PM and Sunday Noon – 5 PM Not available on weekdays so scientists can continue their work preserving the Hunley for future generations Tickets ordered in advance are $12.00 Walk-up tickets are also available on a first come, first serve basis
31. 4. Emperor Qin’s Terra Cotta Army Clay soldiers were buried with China's first emperor Qin Shi Huang Di Purpose was to accompany Shi Huang Di during his eternal rest Elaborate Mausoleum with trenches and underground corridors Construction started shortly after he took the throne More than 700,000 people worked on it for 38 years 209 B.C. worked stopped after his death due to people fighting
32. Who was Qin Shi Huang Di? Born Ying Zheng and took the throne in 246 B.C. at the age of 13 In 221 B.C. took the name Qin Shi Huang Di Translation - “The First Emperor of Qin” During his rule he… standardized coins, weights, and measures interlinked the states with canals and roads built the first version of the Great Wall
33. Discovery 1974- Workers digging a well outside the city of Xi'an, China found a life-size clay soldier poised for battle After the government was notified, government archeologists were sent to the site for further exploration They found… Thousands of clay soldiers Each had a unique facial expression They were positioned according to their rank Patches of paint = they were once painted Bronze Weapons = swords, arrows, etc. Clay horses with wooden & bronze chariots
34. Excavation Four pits have been partially excavated Three are filled with artifacts Fourth is empty Due to stoppage of work Archaeologists estimate the pits may contain as many as 8,000 figures Over the past 35 years, archaeologists have located 600 pits Qin's tomb remains unexcavated
35. The Tomb Writings suggest that the tomb contains… models of palaces pavilions and offices fine vessels precious stones – pearls to represent the sun, moon, & stars replicas of the area's rivers and streams made with mercury flowing to the sea through hills and mountains of bronze Test reveal that there are unusually high amounts of mercury in the tomb mound It is said that the treasures are protected by deadly booby-traps
36. Chinese archaeologists are using remote-sensing technology to probe the tomb & found evidence of… underground chamber with four stair-like walls chamber may have been built for the soul of the emperor Experimental pits dug around the tomb have revealed… Dancers Musicians Acrobats All look full of life and caught in mid-performance Digs are on hold due to the complex conditions inside the mound
37. Museum 1979 – Opened to the public Consists of Pit 1, 2 and 3, which house the Terra-cotta Warriors and Terra-cotta Horses 4 acres Exhibition hall containing the bronze chariots and horses Cost about $11 and 3 hours to visit the pits, museum, & the burial mound
38. Replica in Katy Texas at the Museum of China History AKA – Forbidden Gardens 25 miles east of Houston, TX Built in 1997 by Ira P. H. Poon - wanted people of Asian descent to learn about their culture & past $20 million to build 40 acres covers 2,000 years of China’s history Army is one-third scale reproductions of the real army 6,000 clay statues Permanently closed as of February 2011 due to an interstate
39. 5. Lost City of Atlantis 350 BC, Plato wrote 2 books describing the beautiful island of Atlantis that in one day just disappeared… in the Atlantic Ocean near the Pillars of Hercules great engineers and architects palaces, harbors, temples and docks hot and cold fountains shared dining halls stone walls covered with precious metals
40. Capital city was built on a hill & surrounded by rings of water The rings were joined by tunnels large enough for a ship to sail through A huge canal connected the outer rings of water to the Atlantic Ocean Outskirt of capital was great fields where food was produced Past the farms, were great mountains where wealthy lived
41. 6 Characteristics Archeologist Look For… Made of land and water in a circular formation with canals Evidence of worship & sacrifice of bulls Red, Black, & White Stone Evidence of elephants Existed around 9,000 B.C. * Some beleive that Plato meant 900 BC not 9000 BC Destroyed by a natural disaster
42. Was It Just A Story??? Late 1800’s Ignatius Donnelly (American) became obsessed with the lost city and was convinced that Plato witnessed a great natural disaster Late 1960’s Angelos Galanopoulos (Greek) stated that their must have been a MAJOR volcanic eruption that ripped apart Greek Islands, destroyed civilizations, & sunk Atlantis Problem – Greek Island nowhere near the location Plato described in his books
43. LOCATION??? Several Archeologist and other scientist believe that the Lost City of Atlantis is …. The Malta Ruins Off the coast of Florida near Bimini Island Off the coast of Cuba in the Gulf of Mexico The Greek Island of Santorini Just A Myth Made By Plato
44. Malta Ruins Humans have lived on Malta since at least 5200 BC Created magnificent megalithic temples some have been dated about 9,000 years ago Once had elephants Evidence of an advanced society for that time period Was destroyed by a natural event Doesn’t meet all requirements and is too small to be Atlantis
45. Bimini Island Discovered in 1968 in the Bahamas Huge stone road under water; 1,200 feet long Known as Bimini Road rectangular limestone blocks Some scientist believe these blocks are natural formations and not man made
46. Off The Coast of Cuba…. 2,000 feet below sea level – too deep for humans Use of sound waves & underwater cameras Similar to the Myan Ruins… Pyramids Staircases Fallen pillars 8 square miles and some rocks are 150 feet high Too deep to be Atlantis; Rocks are formed by mother nature; more studies are needed
47. Greek Island of Santorini Found in 1967 buried under volcanic pumice Inhabited by the Minoans & evidence of a very advanced civilization - Disappeared 3,400 years ago Island has circular shape Bulls were worshiped there (paintings) Has black, white, & red stones Area is prone to volcanic activity & this destroyed city Plato would have mistaken 900 BC for 9,000 BC for this to be Atlantis & there is no evidence of elephants
48. Just Fiction??? Many scholars think Plato invented the story of Atlantis as a way to present his philosophical and political theories Plato said the founders of Atlantis were ½ God and ½ human Plato also said Atlantis existed 9,000 years before his own time & the story was passed down to him he is the only one who wrote of its existence