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THGEM in Ne-mixtures UV-photon detection in RICH & more

This article discusses the use of Thick Gas Electron Multiplier (THGEM) technology in Ne-mixtures for UV photon detection in Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors and other applications. It covers topics such as high gains, single-electron detection, position and time resolution, and stability. The article also explores the potential use of THGEM in noble-liquid RICH detectors and ongoing R&D activities for upgrades in ALICE and COMPASS experiments.

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THGEM in Ne-mixtures UV-photon detection in RICH & more

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  1. THGEM in Ne-mixtures UV-photon detection in RICH & more Amos Breskin Weizmann Institute of Science Work within CERN-RD51 Weizmann: M. Cortesi, R. Chechik, R. Budnik, CERN: V. Peskov Coimbra & Aveiro: J. Veloso, C. Azevedo, J. dos Santos, Nantes: S. Duval, D. Thers, THGEM Recent works: Review NIM A 598 (2009) 107 2010 JINST5 P01002 2009 JINST4 P08001 RICH2010 Cassis Amos Breskin

  2. Thick Gas Electron Multiplier (THGEM) ~ 10-fold expanded GEM Weizmann 2003 THGEM 1e- in ~40kV/cm small rim prevents discharges 104-105e-s out Thickness 0.5-1mm Double-THGEM: 10-100 higher gains • SIMPLE, ROBUST, LARGE-AREA • Printed-circuit technology • Intensive R&D • Many applications Effective single-electron detection Few-ns RMS time resolution Sub-mm position resolution MHz/mm2 rate capability Cryogenic operation: OK Gas: molecular and noble gases Pressure: 1mbar - few bar Magnetic fields Similar hole-multipliers: - Optimized GEM: L. Periale et al., NIM A478 (2002) 377. - LEM: P. Jeanneret, PhD thesis, 2001. RICH2010 Cassis

  3. Ne-based mixtures Comparatively low operation voltages reduced discharge probability, discharge energy and charging-up effectsHigh gains, even with single-THGEMHighsingle-photoelectron gains even in the presence of ionizing background (higher dynamic range compared to Ar-mixtures)Important for RICH: Ne yields ~2.5 fold less MIP-induced electronsthan ArPhoton detection efficiency? RICH2010 Cassis Amos Breskin

  4. Gain: Single/Double THGEM in Ne-mixtures 2009 JINST 4 P08001 Single-THGEM CsI PC + UV-light (180 nm) Double-THGEM 9 keV X-rays 106 106 Very high gain in Ne and Ne mixtures, even with X-rays At very low voltages!! X-rays: 2-THGEM 100% Ne: Gain 106 @ ~300V UV: 1-THGEM Ne/CF4(10%): Gain > 106 @ ~800V RICH2010 Cassis Amos Breskin

  5. A VERY FLAT UV-IMAGING DETECTOR Cortesi et al. 2007 JINST 2 P09002 ~10-12 mm window hn readout THGEMs 100x100mm2 THGEM With 2D delay-line readout Resistive anode Photocathode Spatial Resolution (FWHM) Ar/5%CH4 0.7 mm with 9 keV X-rays Ne  1.4 mm with 9 keV X-rays Ne/5%CH4 0.3 mm with 4 keV X-rays f 0.3mm holes RICH2010 Cassis

  6. THGEM/Ne-mixtures: Pulse shape THGEM signals w fast amp Increasing %CH4 -> higher voltages & faster avalanches RICH2010 Cassis Amos Breskin

  7. CsI UV Gain Stability • GAIN-STABILTY (charging up, substrate polarization) function of : • substrate material, rim size around hole, HV value, gain, radiation flux, • surface resistivity, mode of operation etc. • Good stability (Trieste): Holes with no rim – but no-rim: 10-100 times lower gain • New results in Ne-mixtures (much lower HV): ~stability with rim Single THGEM (t=0.4mm, d=0.5mm, a=1mm, rim=0.12mm) Gain = 104, UV light, e- flux ≈10 kHz/mm2 RICH2010 Cassis Amos Breskin

  8. UV-photon detectorsRICHNoble-liquids RICH needs: high efficiency for photons low sensitivity to MIPs & background Stability (CsI, gain) low discharge rate RICH2010 Cassis Amos Breskin

  9. R&D activity for upgrades of ALICE & COMPASS RICH EXEMPLE: ALICE Very High Momentum Particle Identification Detector (VHMPID) Recent beam-tests @ CERN of THGEM/CsI UV-RICH protos: Peskov, Levoratotalks RICH2010 Cassis Amos Breskin

  10. MWPC THGEM (RETGEM) ?  Two UV-photon options considered for ALICE & COMPASS RICH Open geometry: Photon & ion feedback gain limit PC aging PC excitation effects MIP sensitivity Closed geometry: No photon feedback Reduced ion feedback More robust, simpler Reduced MIP sensitivity • high gains • Lower PC aging Extensive Comparative study: THGEM/CsI vs MWPC/CsI: Talk by Peskov RICH2010 Cassis Amos Breskin

  11. UV photon CsI photocathode e- Segmented readoutelectrode THGEM Double-THGEM photon-imaging detector RICH Chechik NIM A553(2005)35 • Reflective CsI PC on top of THGEM: • - Photoelectron extraction efficiency (QEeff) - collection efficiency into holes - Photon detection above threshold MIP e Edrift photocathode pe THGEM Unique: Slightly reversed Edrift(50-100V/cm)  Good photoelectron collection  low sensitivity to MIPS*  background reduction & higher gain! _______ * Phenix GEM/CsI HBD Talk by Tserruya RICH2010 Cassis

  12. Gain in 1-, 2-, 3-THGEM THGEM: thickness t=0.4 mm, holes d=0.3 mm, rim h=0.1 mm, pitch a = 1 mm. Conversion gap 10 mm , transfers and induction gaps 2 mm X-ray rate: 1kHz/mm2 9 keV x-rays @ 1KHz/mm2 9 keV x-rays @ 1KHz/mm2 105 105 Ne/5%CH4 Ne/5%CF4 Similar HV for similar gains RICH2010 Cassis

  13. 1-, 2-, 3-THGEM:Gain limit vs rate: x-rays 105 105 Ne/5%CH4 Ne/5%CF4 MAX-gain decrease with rate observed, similarly to other gas-detectors  Rather limit  PESKOV talk In this geometry, with 3-THGEM: Ne/5%CH4 & Ne/5%CF4 @ 104Hz/mm2 (x-rays)  max-gain of ~6x104 (~250 electrons)  1.5 x 107 electrons 105Hz/mm2UV photons  5 x 106 electrons (gain 5 x 106)

  14. THGEM: Discharge rate Triple THGEM, Ne+10%CH4 Ru+UV Gain 5 105 Counting-RATES: Ru ~100 Hz/ cm2 Fe ~10KHz/cm2 UV only Fe+UV MIP e Normal drift field Edrift photocathode pe 10-1 sparks/min THGEM Gain 5 105 Ru+UV UV only Fe+UV Reversed drift filed 10-2 sparks/min @ gain 5x105 the breakdown rate with reversed drift field is almost 10 times lower With ~same pe collection efficiency RICH2010 Cassis Amos Breskin

  15. Photon detection efficiency To prove that Ne-based mixtures can be beneficial for RICHR&D to demonstrate, as a first step, that in Ne-mixtures one can reach:-good photoelectron extraction from CsI photocathode eextr - good photoelectron collection efficiency ecoll EFFECTIVE PHOTON DETECTION EFFICIENCY: Extraction efficiency Backscattering in gas Collection into holes QE in vacuum Effective area photocathode - high gain: high electron detection efficiency above threshold ephoton pe THGEM Absolute Detection Efficiency: threshold Amos Breskin RICH2010 Cassis

  16. Photoelectron extraction from CsI 2010 JINST5 P01002 CH4 feedback Ne/10%CF4 ~as good as CF4 CF4 e.g. value for Ne/10%CF4 Electric field at THGEM electrode surface  d=0.3mm, a=0.7mm, t=0.4mm Thicker THGEM higher fields Amos Breskin

  17. Photoelectron collection into THGEM holes 2010 JINST5 P01002 Even at low gain  100% collection efficiency in Ne-mixtures RICH2010 Cassis Amos Breskin

  18. Expected THGEM UV detector performance 2010 JINST5 P01002 @ 170nm [1]Optimal THGEM: t = 0.4 mm , d = 0.3 mm, a = 1 mm; h = 0.01 mm, [2]Value for 1.5 kV/cm photocathode electric field [3]Values for 2kV/cm photocathode electric field expected ~0.2 for fpth~0.9 Wire chamber: fpth~0.70 in COMPASS εphoton ~0.21 @170nm ~0.90 in ALICE εphoton ~0.27 @170nm Need RICH-THGEM-proto beam studies~ RICH2010 Cassis Amos Breskin

  19. Avalanche-ion blocking • Avalanche ions impinging the photocathode - damage the photocathode - lifetime limit, - secondary effects – gain limits • Damage: Long understood issue • In present MWPC/CsI photon detectors: 100% ions hit the photocathode • In cascaded-THGEM: few% • Patterned hole multipliers: 10-3 to 10-4 • Efforts to pattern THGEM electrodes

  20. ION BLOCKING with PATTERNED HOLE MULTIPLIERS Weizmann/Coimbra/Aveiro The Micro-hole & Strip plate (MHSP) 2007 JINST 2 P08004 Like GEM, but with additional patterned strip-electrodes: extra gain OR ion blocking. Ion deflection by strips between holes  efficient ion trapping With MHSP/GEM cascade: BEST ION TRAPPING : ~10-4 100 X better than 3-GEM 20 X better than Micromegas IBF=3*10-4 @Gain=105 RICH2010 Cassis

  21. CHALLENGE: visible-light Gas Photomultipliers! Cascaded patterned hole-multipliers with K-Cs-Sb photocathodes 2009 JINST 4 P07005 Sealed vis-GPM Works uniquely due to efficient ion blocking Visible photon Bialkali PC 105 K-Cs-Sb QE~27% @ 375nm CsI Cascaded GEM: gain limit was <100 Gain ~105 + full photoelectron collection efficiency • “flat-panel” large-area photon-imaging detectors insensitive to B • numerous applications: RICH, large Astro experiments… RICH2010 Cassis

  22. THCOBRA: a patterned THGEM for ion blocking Aveiro/Coimbra/Weizmann Veloso POSTER Ion reduction: less feedback, less PC aging THGEM-THCOBRA • Pitch = 1 mm • Hole diameter = 0.3 mm • Rim = 0.1 mm • Thickness = 0.4 mm Ion blocking electrodes THGEM-FTHCOBRA Need to block ions without loosing primary photoelectrons So far: good ion blocking but loss of photoelectrons Previous success: FRMHSP/GEM/MHSP Ion blocking factor 104 & full electron collection RICH2010 Cassis Amos Breskin

  23. Cryo-THGEM applications RICH2010 Cassis

  24. Noble-gas detectors Charge &/or scintillation-light detection in liquid phase or Charge &/or scintillation-light detection In gas phase of noble liquids: “TWO-PHASE DETECTORS” Possible applications: Noble liquid ionization calorimeters Noble-Liquid TPCs (solar neutrinos) Two-phase detectors for Rare Events (WIMPs, bb-decay, n …) Noble-liquid g-camera for medical imaging Gamma astronomy Gamma inspection ..... Electron multiplier &/or photomultiplier Gas Secondary scintillation Ar, Xe… E e- Liquid Primary scintillation photomultiplier WIMP Use THGEM electron multipliers & THGEM/CsI photomultipliers ? RICH2010 Cassis

  25. First results with double-THGEM in 2-phase LAr @ 84K Buzulutskov VCI 2010; in preparation for JINST Bondar 2008 JINST 3 P07001 Double-THGEM in two-phase Xe atT=164K Max. gain limit due to connector… Stable operation in two-phase Ar, T=84K Double-THGEM  Gains: 8x103 two-phase Xe 2-THGEM G-10 2-THGEM KEVLAR 2-THGEM G-10 Experimental setup at Budker-Novosibirsk 3-GEM 1-THGEM G-10 Good prospects for CRYOGENIC GAS-PHOTOMULTIPLIERS operation in gas phase of noble liquids! RICH2010 Cassis

  26. THGEM and THGEM/G-APD @ Cryo temperatures G-APD bipolar G-APD unipolar 2-THGEM Buzulutskov et al. (Budker/ITEP/Weizmann) VCI 2010 & paper submitted to JINST Idea: Good S/N @ low THGEM-gain, recording avalanche photons with Geiger APDs (G-APD) 60 keV X-ray at 2THGEM gain=400  SiPM ~1000e before amplification! 2-phase LAr detector SiPM G-APD (SiPM) THGEM • Two-phase detectors with THGEM+SiPM • ~0.6pe/initial e at THGEM gain=400 in Ar •  SiPM signal: Npe~ 0.6Ninitial e’s x SiPM gain • Efficient readout of noble-liquid detectors? RICH2010 Cassis

  27. Cryo-GPM with windows2-phase or liquid scintillators Best operation, confirmed at RT: Ne/CH4 or Ne/CF4 Higher gain & lower HV 106 b) THGEM GPM UV-window Secondary scintillation EG e- Xe LXe radiation GPM in noble-gas: gain affected by lack of impurities arXiv:1001.4741 GPM w window: better control of counting gas / stability RICH2010 Cassis

  28. Cryo-GPM for LXe Medical Compton Camera 4 mm DVTHGEM 4 mm DVTHGEM 4 mm Subatech-Nantes/Weizmann THGEM : thickness = 400 mm hole Ø = 300 mm hole spacing = 700 mm rim size = 50 mm 2009 JINST 4 P12008 GPM location LXe Gamma Camera LXe TPC gamma-converter with field shaping MgF2 UV window Ne/CH4 Reflective CsI photocathode PET 44Sc+ emitter Double-THGEM layout RICH2010 Cassis

  29. Double-THGEM/CsI at RT & CRYO-T Preliminary results @ CRYO-T in “improvised“ setup at Weizmann Cryo-medium: LN2/ethanol Soon: studies at Nantes with LXe TPC RT Double-THGEM RT & CRYO-T 182K 105 102 Ne/5%CH4 150-158K Single-UV Samuel Duval, Ran Budnik & Marco Cortesi (WIS) HV limit (connector) Preliminary results in Ne/CF4 @ Coimbra: at RT, similar gain @ 1-3 bar RICH2010 Cassis

  30. XEMIS LXe Compton Camera GPM g LXe-TPC cryostat Tests in LXe: May 2010 @ Nantes RICH2010 Cassis

  31. 2-phase DM detectors Aprile/XENON RD51: Weizmann/Nantes/Coimbra Proposed design of XENON 1ton Ne/CF4 ? THGEM GPMDetector • THGEM-GPM (gas photomultiplier): • Simple, flat (save LXe), robust • Low-cost • Radio-clean ? • Lower thresholds ? UV-window Possible design of the XENON 1 ton two-phase LXe DM TPC detector with ~ 121 QUPID vacuum photon detectors. Background: 1mBq/tube Secondary scintillation EG e- Xe LXe WIMP interaction Expectation: < 1 WIMP interaction/Kg/Day EL Primary scintillation XENON100Kg: running with PMTs! PROBLEM: cost & natural radioactivity of multi-ton detectors! UV-window THGEM GPMDetector RICH2010 Cassis

  32. Large THGEM electrodes 300x300mm2 THGEM 90,000 0.5mm diameter holes (Print Electronics, IL) 600x600mm2 THGEM 600,000 0.4mm diameter holes (Eltos, IT) WEIZMANN TRIESTE Industry: square-meters possible Status: so far only “mechanical” electrodes RICH2010 Cassis

  33. SUMMARY • a versatile robust electron multiplier • Good suitability for photon detection with Ne-mixtures • RICH: expected photon detection efficiency ~20% @ 170nm • Good stability in background environment • Comparative results with MWPC/CsI: talk by PESKOV • Various ongoing and potential applications @ RT & low-T UV-photon detectors for RICH Sampling elements for Digital Hadron Calorimeters Neutron-imaging detectors Cryogenic UV-photon detectors for medical imaging and dark matter Large-area moderate-resolution tracking detectors RICH2010 Cassis

  34. SPARE SLIDES RICH2010 Cassis

  35. GPM: Double-THGEM vs THGEM+Micromegas Weizmann/Nantes Nov. 2009 Ne/CF4 (5-10%) 107 2-THGEM Double-THGEM THGEM+Micromegas THGEM+MM ~25 photons pulse ~25 photons pulse THGEM: Thickness t=400mm, hole dia d=300 mm, pitch a=700mm, rim R=50mm. MICROMEGAS: t 5mm, d 30mm, a 60mm. RICH2010 Cassis Samuel Duval, Ran Budnik & Marco Cortesi

  36. GPM: Double-THGEM vs THGEM+Micromegas Micromegas in Ne-mixtures 2-THGEM vs THGEM-Micromegas 107 Room temperature Ne/CF4 2-THGEM 102 THGEM+MM Room temperature Samuel Duval, Ran Budnik & Marco Cortesi RICH2010 Cassis

  37. INGRID/CMOS PHOTON IMAGING DETECTOR MICROMEGAS (InGrid) covered with CsI photon CsI PC Ingrid without CsI UV absorbed by the fingerprint on the window Fransen 2009 TIMEPIX Ingrid with CsI PC: 2D UV Image of a 10mm diameter mask Few-micron resolutions Chip area: 14x14mm2. (256×256 pixels of 55×55 μm2) 50mm mesh Melai, 2009 http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.2083 RICH2010 Cassis

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