New World Order

1. New World Order

2. The War on TerrorThe United States: Foreign Involvement • In 1989 President Bush sent troops to Central America to suppress Panamanian Dictator Manuel Noriega who was involved in drug trafficking. • He was captured and convicted of drug distribution and racketeering • In 1990 Iraqi troops under Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, this worried the US because they believed the Iraqi oil money would be used do develop weapons of mass destruction • After refusing to leave Kuwait as the UN ordered the US and her coalition allies started Operation Desert Storm

3. President Bush • The son of George H.W. Bush, the former president • Criticized for lack of political experience • Surrounded himself with respected advisors e.g. Colin Powell and Donald Rumsfield.

4. 9/11 • September 11th 2001 terrorists belonging to Al Qaeda hijacked airplanes and crashed into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. • This caused a wave of patriotism across the United States. • Osama bin Laden was believed to be behind the attacks and the US and NATO began to track him and Al Qaeda down. • The Taliban government of Afghanistan protected bin Laden • Hamid Karzai was appointed head of the Interim government in Afghanistan

5. The Taliban government of Afghanistan protected bin Laden • Bin Laden had fought with the Afghan freedom fighters against the Soviets in the 1980s • The United States and her allies launched operation Enduring Freedom to remove the Taliban from power and hopefully capture bin Laden • The Taliban government fell within weeks • Hamid Karzai was appointed head of the Interim government in Afghanistan

6. Patriot Act • Created the Office of Homeland Security and the Transportation Security Administration. • It also said that the government could listen to private conversations, terrorists could be tried in the military, and terrorists could be detained in secret. • It also removed many of the checks and balances that had been part of the legislative process

7. Bush Doctrine • Called for Preemptive strikes on the enemies of the United States in order to destroy terrorists’ networks and terrorist attacks • There was no distinction between terrorists and those that harbor terrorists – allowed the United States to invade Afghanistan • The doctrine has been changed a little to now include the possibility of the United States acting unilaterally against terrorism

8. Second Gulf War • Saddam Hussein refused UN inspections for weapons of mass destruction in Iraq • UN resolution 1441 said that Iraq must disarm immediately. • Britain and Spain allied with the US and and they began attacking Hussein for refusing to comply with the inspections. • Iraq was handed back over to the interim government in 2004.

9. Pakistan and India • India is the world’s largest democracy • Both countries have claims to the region of Kashmir and have fought three wars since 1947 over this land. • Pakistan has become one of the strongest US allies in the war on terrorism, but there is widespread dissatisfaction against the United States among many of the people of Pakistan

10. Middle East • The Israeli government and the PLO held negotiations that produced the Oslo Accords that paved the way for peace. • Shimon Peres and Arafat shared the Nobel Peace Prize for their part in the Peace. • Benjamin Netanyahu and Arafat signed the Wye River Accord which promised the Palestinians land. • Palestine National Authority created to administer Palestine.

11. Collapse of the Soviet Union • Mikhail Gorbachev was the first elected president • Gorbachev had to appease both the communists and the liberals • Yeltsin was elected president and suppressed coup in Moscow • Soviet Union disintegrated into the Commonwealth of Independent States • Problems created by reforms were regions like Chechnya, rising unemployment, and increased crime

12. New Russia • Stagflation occurred in Russia, partly because of Yeltsin’s “shock therapy” • International Monetary Fund was forced to save Russia from bankruptcy • Vladimir Putin was Yeltsin’s handpicked successor who won the approval of the people and became president

13. Balkan Crisis • Slobodan Milosevic became leader of Serbian Communist Party in 1987 • In 1991 civil wars erupted in Bosnia and Croatia and ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia, where Muslims were killed off • Bosnia remained as 1 country with a Muslim-Croat Federation and a Bosnia-Serb republic • Europe recognized Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia in 1992 • NATO bombing stopped Serbs from ethnic cleansing and the Dayton Accords of 1995 led to a formal peace • Later NATO acted again to stop cleansing and after 22 days of bombing Yugoslavia asked for peace terms

14. Globalization • Unprecedented boom in technology occurred in late 20th century • The world became dominated by global organizations • Such as the World Trade Organization, North American Free Trade Agreement, Organization of petroleum exporting countries, and the European Union

15. The Little Tigers • The countries that imitate Japan • Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea • Export-based economy • Investment stopped when economy of Thailand crashed in 1997

16. European Union • EC members approved the Maastricht treaty which created a single economic union • Citizens of union could move freely between countries, no tariffs, and unified currency • Problems: loss of sovereignty and even national identity • Single Europe Act and the Treaty of European Union created the Economic and Monetary Union which produced the Euro