The Road to the Civil War

1. The Road to the Civil War

2. Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860 • New intellectual and religious movements. • Social reforms. • Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America. • Re-emergence of a second party system and morepolitical democratization. • Increase in federal power  Marshall Ct. decisions. • Increase in American nationalism. • Further westward expansion.

3. Missouri Comp

4. Texas War of Independence TEXAS WAR OF INDEPENDENCE • Americans began moving into Texas in the 1820’s and brought their slaves with them. • War fought by Texans against Mexico because they believed their rights had been violated. • Won by Texans in 1836 and requests to enter the U.S.

5. Texas War of Independence TEXAS WAR OF INDEPENDENCE • President Jackson and Van Buren refused to recognize Texas statehood because of slavery. • Texas became its own country with Sam Houston president, 1836 to 1845. • Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas.

6. Texas War of Independence1 TEXAS WAR OF INDEPENDENCE • Texas entered as a U.S. state in 1845. • Mexico vowed if Texas became part of the U.S., this would be an act of war. • One cause of the war with Mexico in 1846.

7. Picture/Polk MANIFEST DESTINY • James K. Polk, Democrat • President from 1845 to 1849 • Responsible for the Manifest Destiny • Expansionist • Acquired the Oregon Territory from Great Britain in 1846 • 54’, 40’ or Fight • 49th Parallel • Mexican War acquired Mexican Cession and completed U.S. control of the continent from ocean to ocean

8. “Manifest Destiny” • First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. • ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." • A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

9. Oregon dispute MANIFEST DESTINY • Treaty with Great Britain in 1846 • President Polk campaign slogan was 54,40 or fight… • Compromised with British and divided the Oregon Country at the 49th parallel

10. Picture/M.Destiny MANIFEST DESTINY • American belief that U.S. would control the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific. • KEY EVENTS • Texas statehood • Oregon territory • Mexican War • Mexican Cession

11. Picture/M.Destiny MANIFEST DESTINY • KEY EVENTS • Pioneers TrekWest • California trail • Oregon trail • Mormon’s trail • Gold discovered • Gold Rush

12. Picture/M.Destiny MANIFEST DESTINY

13. Trails TRAILS WESTWARD

14. CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH

15. Mexican War • Long Term Causes • Manifest Destiny • California • Immediate Causes • Texas statehood, 1845 • Mexico refusing to sell California • Border dispute • Effects • US receives Mexican Cession • Disputes over expansion of slavery will lead to the Civil War MEXICAN WAR

16. Mexican War MEXICAN WAR

17. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico! • Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River. • Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico. • U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).

18. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Mexico ceded the Mexican Cession to U.S. • Rio Grande River boundary between U.S. and Mexico • U.S. paid Mexico $15 million

19. Results of the Mexican War? The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease). New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX) These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. Manifest Destiny was partially realized.

20. Map expansion

21. Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

22. Comp of 1850 COMPROMISE OF 1850 • Most intense debate in U.S. History • John C. Calhoun • North should honor the Constitution and enforce the Fugitive Slave Law • South wanted California • threatened to secede from U.S. • U.S. should have two Presidents---one from the North and one for the South • Daniel Webster • Secession is impractical & impossible • How would we split the land? • The military? • Compromise at all cost • Preserve the Union • Henry Clay • The Great Compromiser, with John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster and Stephen Douglas, propose this compromise.

24. Picture/S.Douglas STEPHEN DOUGLAS • U.S. Senator from the state of Illinois • Solve the slavery issue was through Popular Sovereignty • let the people in each territory decide through the process of voting whether they want slavery or not. • Along with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun they proposed the Compromise of 1850 • Calif. A free state • enforce Fugitive Slave Law • Popular Sovereignty • stop slave trade in Washington, D.C.

25. Map Comp of 1850 Popular Sovereignty Allow the people in a territory to vote on whether they want slavery to exist or not in their state.

26. Quiz – Chapter 13 • 1. What state led a revolution against Mexico to gain their independence? • 2. What was found at Sutter’s Mill in California? • 3. What is the geographical feature that makes up the border of Texas and Mexico? • 4. Name the treaty signed between the United States and Mexico following the Mexican War. • 5. Who was elected president in 1860?

27. Review • What were the three major attempts at compromise over the slave issue in early US history? • Explain how did Manifest Destiny lead to the Civil War? • What were the elements of the Compromise of 1850? • Based on the events we discussed yesterday, was the Civil War avoidable? Explain your answer.

28. Picture/S.Douglas • Compromise of 1850 • Calif. A free state • enforce Fugitive Slave Law • Popular Sovereignty • stop slave trade in Washington, D.C.

29. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW • ABOLITIONISTS RESPOND • Denounced by Abolitionists • Harriet Beecher Stowe’s, Uncle Tom’s Cabin is published • Abolitionists refuse to enforce the law • Underground Railroad becomes more active

30. Fugitive Slave Law FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS “An immoral law makes it a man’s duty to break it, at every hazard. For virtue is the very self of every man. It is therefore a principle of law that an immoral contract is void, and that an immoral statute is void. The Fugitive Slave Law is a statute which enacts the crime of kidnapping, a crime on one footing with arson and murder. A man’s right to liberty is as inalienable as his right to life……” Ralph Waldo Emerson “3 millions of the American people are crushed under the American Union! The government gives them no protection– the government is their enemy, the government keeps them in chains! The Union which grinds them to the dust rests upon us, and with them we will struggle to overthrow it! The Constitution which subjects them to hopeless bondage is one that we cannot swear to support. Our motto is, ‘No Union with Slaveholders’….We separate from them, to clear our skirts of innocent blood….and to hasten the downfall of slavery in America, and throughout the world!” William Lloyd Garrison

31. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW SOUTHERNERS RESPOND • Southerners threatened secession and war • Believed it should be enforced because the Constitution protects property and Federal law is over State law. • 5th Amendment • Supremacy Clause

32. HarrietBeecherStowe 1811 - 1896 So this is the lady who started the Civil War.-- Abraham Lincoln

33. Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 • Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year. • 2 million in a decade!

34. Map expansion

36. Kan. & Neb Act KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT • Build a transcontinental connecting California to the East Coast either in the South or North • Stephen Douglas wanted the railroad built in the North but had to convince the South otherwise. • Proposed a plan that Kansas and Nebraska territories be opened up to slavery in return for building the railroad in the North. • Popular Sovereignty

37. Map Bleeding Kan BLEEDING KANSAS • Kansas/Nebraska Act led to several acts of violence between pro-slavery settlers and anti-slavery settlers. • First violent outbreaks between north/south. • First battles of the Civil War begin in Kansas in 1856. • Over 200 killed (Led by John Brown) Attacks by free-states Attacks by pro-slavery states

38. Bleeding Kan BLEEDING KANSAS After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, the Kansas territory became a battleground. Pro-slavery and antislavery supporters rushed to settle in Kansas. The territory was torn by battles and massacres. The issue also bitterly divided the nation and led to the formation of the Republican Party. The first shots of the Civil War were in Bleeding Kansas.

39. Chart/Rep. Party Free Soil Party against the expansion of slavery Formed to stop the expansion of slavery REPUBLICAN PARTY Democrats opposed the expansion of slavery Abolitionists National Republican which become the Whigs. Know Nothing Party against immigration

40. Map Kan/Neb Act Popular Sovereignty Allow the people in a territory to vote on whether they want slavery to exist or not in their state.

41. Picture/Dred Scott DRED SCOTT DECISION • Slave from Missouri traveled with his owner to Illinois & Minnesota both free states. • His master died and Scott wanted to move back to Missouri---Missouri still recognized him as a slave. • He sued his master’s widow for his freedom since he had lived in a free state for a period of time. • Court case went to the Supreme Court for a decision-----National issue • Can a slave sue for his freedom? • Is a slave property? • Is slavery legal?

42. Chart/Effect of Scott DRED SCOTT DECISION • Supreme Court hands down the Dred Scott decision • Slaves cannot sue the U.S. for their freedom because they are property. • They are not citizens and have no legal right under the Constitution. • Supreme Court legalized slavery by saying that • Congress could not stop a slaveowner from moving his slaves to a new territory • Missouri Compromise and all other compromises were unconstitutional • North refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law • Free states pass personal liberty laws. • Republicans claim the decision is not binding • Southerners call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in the Union.

43. Reading/Scott decision DRED SCOTT DECISION Chief Justice Roger B.Taney (1777 to 1864) in the case of Dred Scott referred to the status of slaves when the Constitution was adopted. “They had (slaves) for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. This opinion was at that time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the white race.”

44. Picture/J.Brown JOHN BROWN • Violent abolitionist • Involved in the Bleeding Kansas • Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas • Wanted to lead a slave revolt throughout the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South.

45. Picture/J.Brown JOHN BROWN • Attacked a U.S. Ammunition depot in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in Oct. of 1859 to capture weapons and begin his slave revolt.

46. Picture/J.Brown JOHN BROWN • Unsuccessful and captured by USMC under the leadership of Robert E. Lee • Put on trial for treason.

47. Picture/J.Brown Hanging JOHN BROWN • He was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. • His last words were to this effect:“I believe that the issue of slavery will never be solved unless through the shedding of blood.” • Northerners thought of John Brown as a martyr to the abolitionist cause. • Southerners were terrified that if John Brown almost got away with this, there must be others like him in the North who are willing to die to end slavery. • South’s outcome: To leave the U.S. and start their own country.

48. John Brown: Martyr or Madman?

49. Reading/Tubman on Brown

50. Reading/Lincoln on Brown