Reconstruction

1. Reconstruction 1865-1877

2. Project Due! Must have: • Process Paper • Annotated Bibliography • Completed Project You will receive a “turned in” grade. You will draw a number for presentation. You will present in your class. If your partners are in another class, they will present in their class as well.

3. Do Now: In your Notebooks What do you recall about Reconstruction

4. Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan - 1863 • Pardoned Confederates who took an oath of loyalty to the Union • Denied pardons to Confederate military and government officials & Southerners who killed African American war prisoners • When 10% of the voting population took the oath, they were permitted the state to hold conventions to write a new state constitution. • States could then hold elections and send Congressmen and Senators to D.C. Did Not: Require state constitutions to give voting rights to black Americans Did Not: “Readmit” southern states since they never legally left. Lincoln did not want to punish the South. He supported AMNESTY - forgiveness for any crimes committed to those who swore loyalty to the United States. No Confederate leaders would be offered amnesty.

5. Wade-Davis Bill 1864 Congress thought Lincoln was too lenient. • _A Majority_ of the the state’s white males had to pledge __loyalty____ to the Union. • Only white males who swore they had not _fought_ against the Union could vote for delegates to the state constitutional convention. • All new state constitutions had to abolish slavery. No Confederates could hold _public office. • Lincoln _pocket vetoed_ the bill.

6. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan • Amnesty to most Southerners who swore loyalty to the Union. • High-ranking Confederates had to appeal to the President for a pardon. • Required Southern States to outlaw slavery before they could rejoin, ratifying the 13th Amendment.

7. Freedmen’s Bureau and 13th Amendment 13th Amendment - January 1865 • Abolished slavery in the U.S. Freedmen’s Bureau - March 1865 • Help freed African Americans adjust to life after slavery • Provided food, clothing, medical care • Set up schools • Helped people purchase land to farm or find work for fair pay

8. Congressional Reconstruction Civil Rights Act of 1866 - • Gave federal government power get involved in state affairs to protect African Americans’ rights, gave citizenship to African Americans. • Johnson vetoed, Congress was able to override (defeat) the veto 14th Amendment (1868) • Protected the citizenship extended to African Americans by the CRA 1866 • Protected due process rights (life, liberty, and property) • Confederate leaders could not hold national or state office unless Congress pardoned them.

9. Radical Reconstruction 1866-1877 First Reconstruction Act • All Confederate states must form new governments (except TN which had ratified the 14th Amendment) • Divided the south into 5 Military Districts governed by an Army General until new state governments were formed • African American men could vote in state elections

10. Take out Reconstruction Notes from last Class We will grade the map side together.

11. Impeaching President Johnson • Andrew Johnson as Commander-in-chief was in charge of the military governors created by the First Reconstruction Act • Congress passed Tenure of Office Act - President could not remove government officials, including members of his cabinet, without Senate approval. • Johnson fired Secretary of War, Stanton and appointed moderates to command some military districts in the South. • Johnson was Impeached - formally charge with wrongdoing. • Senate did not get ⅔ majority needed to convict and remove Johnson.

12. Ulysses S. Grant Republicans rejected Johnson in 1868 and nominated Ulysses S. Grant. The election results showed that voters continued to support Radical Reconstruction

13. 15th Amendment - 1870 Guaranteed that state and federal governments could not deny the right to vote to any male citizen because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

14. African Americans in Government • African Americans held 16 seats in the House of Representatives and 2 seats in the Senate between 1869 and 1880. • Senator Hiram Revels was the first African American Senator to be elected. • Senator Blanche Bruce was the first to serve a full term in the Senate.

15. African Americans in Congress

16. Carpetbaggers and Scalawags Scalawag - name given by former Confederates to Southern whites who supported Republican Reconstruction of the South Carpetbaggers - name given to white Northerners who moved South after the war

17. Southern Resistance to Reconstruction • Landowners refused to rent land to freedmen. • Store owners refused credit to purchase needed items. • Sharecropping - landowners rented land to sharecroppers, or farmers, who gave a percentage of their crops to the landowner. • Landowners often demanded unfairly large percentage that left sharecroppers with almost nothing. • Rise of the KKK - Hate group that used fear and violence to deny rights to freedmen.

18. The Election of 1876 • Grant served 2 terms and his presidency was plagued with scandal and financial crisis. • Election of 1876 - Ohio governor Hayes vs. NY governor Tilden • Neither candidate won the electoral vote, but Tilden won the popular vote. • Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana’s 20 electoral votes were awarded to Hayes after long legal battle. • Hayes wins by ONE electoral vote. • The North agrees to withdraw troops from the South

19. The New South • Redeemers - Democrats who come to power in the South “redeemed” the South from African American Rule • Many Southerners believed “old South” lost the war because they did not have the industrial base the North had. • New South would have industries based on the region’s coal, iron, tobacco, cotton, and lumber resources

20. Voting Restrictions Poll Tax - People were required to pay a fee in order to vote. Literacy Test - Potential voters had to read and explain difficult parts of the state and federal Constitutions Grandfather Clauses - Laws allowing people to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction. Results - some poor whites lost voting privileges, but African American voting declined sharply.

21. Jim Crow Laws Segregation - Separation of the “races,” classes, or groups. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - Segregation was legal as long as African Americans had access to separate but equal facilities. Lynching - hanging to death by the illegal action of a mob.

22. Exodusters and Buffalo Soldiers • Exodusters - African American Southerners who left the South during Reconstruction • Taken from the Biblical book of Exodus - Israelites’ escape from Egypt. • 20,000+ migrated to Kansas • Buffalo Soldiers - African American soldiers who fought in conflicts with Native Americans in the West from 1867-1896

23. Crash Course - Reconstruction