Hiroyuki MATSUDA (Yokohama Nat’l Univ ) Co-working with Mitsutaku MAKINO (Fisheries Res. Agency)

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt Development of adaptive ecosystem management and co-management plan in a marine world natural heritage, Shiretoko Hiroyuki MATSUDA (Yokohama Nat’l Univ) Co-working with Mitsutaku MAKINO (Fisheries Res. Agency) Yasunori SAKURAI (Hokkaido Univ)

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt Profile -- Hiroyuki MATSUDA Mathematical ecologist, (adaptive dynamics, fisheries management, wildlife anagement) Yokohama National University Professor of Environmental Risk Management Program Leader of JSPS Global COE “Global Eco-Risk Management from Asian Viewpoints” (10 postdocs) The 1st Japanese Pew Marine Conservation Fellow WWF Japan: Advisory Committee for Nature Consv. Standing Committee of Ecol Soc Japan former Chief Editor of Jpn J Cons Ecol

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt Overview • Role of Scientific Committee in Shiretoko World Natural Heritage • 1st SC for Japan World Heritage • Zig-zag review process of the Heritage • Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries • Why do I expect in Shiretoko Heritage?

{ Deer WG after IUCN 2nd letter Marine WG River Structures WG Scientific Committeefor Shiretoko Heritage1st meeting July 16 2004 • Plant- Ishikawa, Kudoh, Takahashi • Forest- Igarashi, (Ishigaki* until 2006) • Mammal- Ohtaishi*, Kaji*, M.Kobayashi • Bird- Nakagawa • Fish- Komiyama, Kaeriyama • River- Nakamura* • Marine- Sakurai*, Sano, Hattori • Matsuda (model), Kaneko (GIS), A.Kobayashi (Sociology since 2006) (*chair of SC, WGs)

“Dutch roll” in review process of Shiretoko World Heritage • 04/JanManagement Plan in Shiretoko Heritage • Promised no more fishing regulation to fishers. • 04/Aug IUCN sent a letter (dams, marine area) • 04/Nov Japan Gov. replied without SC’s advise • 05/FegIUCN’s 2nd letter “expand marine area” • 05/Mar SC’s recommendation “conservation without regulation” • 05/Jul UNESCO accepted Shiretoko Heritage • 07/Dec. Marine Management Plan • 08/Feb. IUCN Inquiry Commission visit

More conserve marine • Try to make MPAs • Impact assessment of dams on salmons “Dutch roll” in review process of Shiretoko World Heritage • 04/JanManagement Plan in Shiretoko Heritage • Promised no more fishing regulation to fishers. • 04/Aug IUCN sent a letter (dams, marine area) • 04/Nov Japan Gov. replied without SC’s advise • 05/FegIUCN’s 2nd letter “expand marine area” • 05/Mar SC’s recommendation “conservation without regulation” • 05/Jul UNESCO accepted Shiretoko Heritage • 07/Dec. Marine Management Plan • 08/Feb. IUCN Inquiry Commission visit • Need not only fish path but more essential solution for dams • Need MPAs for sustainable fisheries, committed by Fisheries Agency, making Marine WG

Expand marine area • Hurry up to make Marine Management Plan for more conservation “Dutch roll” in review process of Shiretoko World Heritage We do not need more regulation for walleye pollock • 04/JanManagement Plan in Shiretoko Heritage • Promised no more fishing regulation to fishers. • 04/Aug IUCN sent a letter (dams, marine area) • 04/Nov Japan Gov. replied without SC’s advise • 05/FegIUCN’s 2nd letter “expand marine area” • 05/Mar SC’s recommendation “conservation without regulation” • 05/Jul UNESCO accepted Shiretoko Heritage • 07/Dec. Marine Management Plan • 08/Feb. IUCN Inquiry Commission visit

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/EXPO-Shiretoko.html Japan still needs pressure from abroad. Shiretoko World Heritage Aichi EXPO 2005 1st Application of Japan EIA law (1999). BIE informally criticized post-EXPO land development (Sep 1999). EIA Advisory Committee accepted the EIS with major revision (13 Jan 2000). The local newspaper scooped BIE’s criticism (14 Jan 2000) Japan Delegates visited Paris but BIE explicitly requested agreement with environmental NGOs (2 Feb 2005). Government and Env. NGOs agreed cancellation of post-EXPO development & revision of EXPO plan (30 Mar 2000) BIE registered Aichi EXPO 2005 (Nov2000) • 1stSC for World Heritage in Japan • IUCN’s letter that recommends more conservation (Aug 2004) • The press reported the 1st letter by IUCN (19 Sep 2004). • The Government replied to IUCN ignored SC’s advise (5 Nov 2004). • IUCN sent the 2nd letter to expand marine area (2 Feb 2005)Fishers increased fishing-ban area (10 Mar2005) • UNESCO registered Shiretoko Heritage (31May 2005)

Problems in SC & Marine WG • Government promised to Fishers Associations not to make further regulation for World Heritage • IUCN requested further conservation efforts. • SC’s solution: • Increasing effort for conservation by fishers • Describe management plan as fishers are doing. • Expand area including shelf 読売新聞

An SC member said to fishers, “it is impossible to add no more regulation forever” Fishers accepted expansion of marine area SC chair and members got angry because Governm’t ignoured our advise for IUCN’s 1st comments. Gov-ernment asked SC’s advise for IUCN’s 2nd comments and resulted in “expand marine area without regulation” Hokkaido Newspaper

Spawning ground Since 2005 “MPAs” to protect Walleye pollock 177 boats fished walleye pollock in 1995 Decreased to 86 boats in 2004 (49% reduction) Compensation to retired fishers by Fisheries Organization Fishing ban during Mar 20-end since 1995 Fishers expanded Fishing ban area in 2005 Fishing-ban area since 1995 Shiretoko Peninsula Bottom trawling is totally prohibited in the coastal area

31 May 2005 … we still have many problems. Nation-wide top-news celebrated accept of Shiretoko Heritage • Many dams and tourists • Make marine management plan that… • must show how to conserve ecosystems. • Invite IUCN Inquiry in 2008. • Former Chair said, heavy and concrete problems.

http://hokkaido.yomiuri.co.jp/shiretoko/rensai/sekai_20050602.htmhttp://hokkaido.yomiuri.co.jp/shiretoko/rensai/sekai_20050602.htm Fishers & Mayor were worried about further requests for conservation • On May 31st, Mayor Wakinori read an evening paper showing that UNESCO will accept Shiretoko Heritage proposal but IUCN recommended more effort on conservation. He lost words and was worried about reality of more and more regulation due to World Heritage. He was not glad to hear the news of acceptance of World Heritage… (Yomiuri Newspaper, June 2nd 2005, Tokyo)

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt Overview • Role of scientists in management planning • Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries • Making the Marine Management Plan • Coastal fisheries in World Heritage • Dams, salmonids sapling, cull of sea lions • Why do I expect in Shiretoko Heritage?

Draft for Marine Ecosystem Management in Shiretoko World Heritage Marine ecosystem conservation in adjacent regions Marine debris source traceability Control of bycatch and cull of marine mammals Sustainable ecotourism Control of marine ecotourism Co-management of salmons fishery Sustainable fisheries Conservation of sus-tainable fisheries Management of coastal fishing grounds Ecological and economical preview of fisheries Land-marine ecosystem interactions Co-management of walleye pollock fishery Corrabolation between Japan and Russia Gather data of Russian fisheries Dam assessment for salmonids Conservation of wild salmons Oceanographic review of marine environment

H.M. 24 Sep 06 Data collection and Monitoring • The Science Committee depicted the foodweb structure in the Shiretoko Heritage site. • Government compiles catch data of species. • SC choose other necessary data for ecosystem management, such as weather, water quality, ice drift, planktons, key stone species, etc. • Clarify benchmarks!!

http://abchan.job.affrc.go.jp/digests17 Walleye pollock problems for Total Allowable Catch (TAC) • Russia exploit this fish by big trawl nets • Lack of data in Russian waters • Do not exploit spawning fish too much

Coastal Foodweb at Shiretoko Heritage Most of keystone species are caught and recorded by local fishers org.s! Sustainable fisheries play roles of “umbrella species” like top predators! Draft food web by SC

Fisheries catch statistics in Shiretoko Area Very informative time-series data for monitoring the changes in ecosystem structure/functions tons Made by Mitsutaku Makino

MPA to protect walleye pollock 177 boats fished walleye pollock in 1995 Decreased to 86 boats in 2004 (49% reduction) Compensation to retired fishers by Fisheries Organization Fishing ban during Mar 20-end since 1995 Fishing ban area expanded in 2005 Spawning ground Since 2005 Since 1995 Bottom trawling is totally prohibited in the coastal area

Goals of marine management plan 5th World Fisheries Congress at Yokohama, Oct 2008. • Sustainable use of walleye pollock • Wild population of salmonids • Examine effects of sapling on wild salmons • Sapling is fishery’s benefit • Conservation of sea lions & marine mammals and birds • Control of eco-tourism • Survey of debris sources • Cowork with Russian scientists Advisors for cull limit review by Jpn Fish Agency (HM & YS) Abe & Putin agreed to organize Japan-Russia Scientists Meeting

http://www.5thwfc2008.com/index.html 5th World Fisheries CongressFisheries for Global Welfare and Environmental ConservationYokohama, 20-24 Oct 2008 Session 7 Biodiversity and Management (H.Matsuda) 7-1. Biodiversity Cons. & Sustainable Fish. Mngmnt of Salmonids 7-2. Adaptive management of cetaceans and other marine species 7-3. Species/genetic diversity and conservation for fisheries 7-4. Assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem services 7-5. Ecosystem and habitat assessment and management 7-6. Inland Fisheries --The Hidden Crisis 7-7. Eel ecology and its sustainable stock management 7-8. Stock Structure and Habitat of Pacific Swordfish & … 8-8. Territorial use rights in fisheries and spatial management 1-5. Role of hatcheries in management and conservation 1-6. Stock assessment methods: status and recent innovations 1-7. Fisheries by-catch 1-8. Seamount fisheries 5-5. Ecosystems and fisheries (general) 8-2: Resource Management and Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Looking for invited speakers

Missions of the SC • Describe and evaluate voluntary management of coastal fisheries as they do • Okhotsk stock assessment of walleye pollock and make a stock recovery plan • By spawners, catch and CPUE including Russian data. • Build relationship with Russian scientists and … • Examine effects of sapling of salmonids on wild population and fisheries • PVA of sea lions based on responsible data

ca 80% decline Kuril Population of Steller sea lions Population size Adults+juveniles (Perlov 1991)

# killed sea lions in Japan Injuried Missing into the sea Culled Cull + injuried + missing Damage on fishing nets • Ohtaishi & Wada (eds, 1999), Hokkaido Pref. # struck, damage (million yen)

Recently, the western Pacific Steller’s sea lions are recovering （Burkanov and Loughlin 2005） http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/release/19/081001.pdf

Sea lion problems now • When the Shiretoko became the World Heritage in 2005, IUCN did not requested cull-ban of sea lions but conserve their prey. • Damage on fishers by sea lions is increasing • Number of by-catch is still unreported. • Since 1995, cull limit was 116 per year. • Sea lions is now gradually recovering • We can eat meat of culled sea lions • 1 professional hunter has 50 catch quota.

Potential Biological Removal (PBR) for sea lions(Japan Fisheries Agency, Oct 2007) • PBR = 0.5 Nmin Rmax Fr • PBR = 0.5 x 5063 x 0.12 x 0.75 = 227 • However, the number of by-catches is unknown! • No data show that culling decreases damage • We estimated 107 by-catches (probably overestimation) • #Annual cull limit is (116 to) 120 sea lions. • We encourage compiling by-catch and catch report. http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/release/19/081001.pdf

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt Overview • Role of scientists in management planning • Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries • Why do I expect in Shiretoko Heritage? • Nature evaluated by IUCN • Voluntary activities of fishers • Jpn-Russia co-management

IUCN Review Report Criterion II Ecosystem processes Shiretoko provides an outstanding example of the interaction of mar-ine and terrestrial ecosystems as well as extraordinary ecosystem productivity, largely influenced by the formation of seasonal sea ice at the lowest latitude in the nor-thern hemisphere. This process supports the formation of phyto-plankton, the primary producer in the marine ecosystem and pro-vides the source of food for marine and terrestrial species…

IUCN Review Report Criterion IV Biodiversity Shiretoko has particular importance for a number ofmarine and terrest-rial species. These include a numberof endangered and endemic species, such as theBlackiston’s fish owl and the plant species Violakitamiana. The property is globally important for salmonids, marinemammals, including the Steller’s sea lion and cetaceans. The property has significance as a habitat for globally threatened sea birds and is a globally important area for migratory birds….

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt Overview • Role of scientists in management planning • Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries • Why do I expect in Shiretoko Heritage? • Nature evaluated by IUCN • Voluntary activities of fishers • Jpn-Russia co-management

(Makino 2005) Voluntary Activities Forestation activities by local people (http://www.jf-net.ne.jp/hkyubetsu/sigen.htm) Local legend says “Forests are the roots of coastal fish” (http://www.jf-net.ne.jp/amhiranaigyokyo/)

(Makino 2005) Voluntary Activities Resource Enhancement (release of seeds)

(Makino 2005) Voluntary Activities • Introduction of MPAs (no-take zones) in Kyoto prefecture for snow crab fishery (Makino 2007 in FAO Tech. Paper)

Dr Y. Kagami Japan played an active role at the establishment of MPAs MPA is an area for sustainable useand ecosystem conservation ＊1st Conference for World Natural Parks (1962 Seattle) Marine park system in Japan was established after this conference ＊International Conference for Marine Parks (1975 Tokyo) 1st international meeting to establish MPAs T.Tamura

MPAincludes No-take Zone Laws for MPAs in Japan(Simard 1995, Takahashi 2004) Natural Park Law (1957, 1970) 1) Ordinary area -Inland Sea of Japan, Shiretoko 2) Marine park area-64 areas, 2690.1ha Nature Environment Protection Law (1972) 3) Marine Special Area -1 area (Sakiyama Bay 128ha) Law of Fisheries Resource Conservation (1951) 4) Fisheries conservation area-120 areas 5) Voluntary fishing-ban area – Shiretoko, Kyoto, Aichi,… UNESCO MAB (Man and Biosphere Program) 6) Biosphere Researve -Yakushima…

Dr Y. Kagami Upper Stream The oldest “MPA” in Japan Sanda city 1665m of Muko coasts in Settsu County (August 689 AD, “Nihon-Shoki”) Muko River Takarazuka city Lower Stream Nishinomiya city Estuary

Institutional Advantages of Japanese fisheries management for EBM (Makino 2005) • Decentralized management systems. • Mutual watch against cheaters with lower cost • Use of both local and scientific knowledge. • Multi-scale and interlinked coordinating organizations. • Flexible management processes based on daily fishery operations.

Institutional Challenges and necessary policy measures for EBM (Makino 2005) • Ecosystem perspectives (e.g. inter-species relationships) . • Stakeholder involvement (not only fishers). • Identification of ecologically important data, and role-sharing in data collection. • Use of ecosystem indices & benchmarks. • Use of the systems of MPAs.

http://risk.kan.ynu.ac.jp/matsuda/2007/071201MB.ppt Overview • Role of scientists in management planning • Marine Ecosystem with coastal fisheries • Why do I expect in Shiretoko Heritage? • Nature evaluated by IUCN • Voluntary activities of fishers • Japan-Russia co-management

http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1193.pdfhttp://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1193.pdf IUCN’s Technical evaluation5.3 Neighbouring Islands There are clear and apparent similarities bet-ween the environment and ecology in Shiretoko and the neighbouring islands. It is noted that there has been contact between Japanese and Russian researchers. Should it be possible for the States Parties to agree to promote the conservation of these propertiesin the future, there may be the potential for development of these properties as a wider “World Heritage Peace Park”. Mr Shepard Yomiuri HP

Present protected areas in Japanand Russia (Dr M.Kobayashi)

My policy for consensus building • Seek a feasible solution that stakeholders can agree to. • Make a scientific plan of stakeholders’ idea • Encourage practice of agreed management • Balance between sustainability and diversity • Acknowledge diversity in nature and culture • Scientists do not play as stakeholders! • Build trust between stakeholders! • Imagine more than one possible outcomes.

Plant Red Data Book Deer management Thank you for invitation! I like to try real time case studies with field ecologists! Pelagic fish management EXPO2005 at Aichi, Revision of RDB Mainichi Shimbun FSNRI Bear management Shiretoko World Heritage H.M. at Shiretoko N. Ishii Mongoose eradication program at Amami Island 2004/1/29 47 Windfirm birdstrikes

Hiroyuki MATSUDA (Yokohama Nat’l Univ ) Co-working with Mitsutaku MAKINO (Fisheries Res. Agency)