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The End of Colonialism in Africa. Review of Issues Problems Taxation Land Alienation Violence Exploitation Divide and Rule Tactics Laws and regulations restricting rights of Africans Impact of Education post WWI Increased Nationalism. The End of Colonialism in Africa.
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The End of Colonialism in Africa Review of Issues Problems Taxation Land Alienation Violence Exploitation Divide and Rule Tactics Laws and regulations restricting rights of Africans Impact of Education post WWI Increased Nationalism
The End of Colonialism in Africa Review of Issues Impact of WWII Military Service Raw materials and war effort Growing gap between rich and poor White Settlers South Africa Smuts and Britain 1948 elections. D.F. Malan Atlantic Charter- Clause Three “We (Britain and US) respect the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who had it forcibly taken from them” Cost of the war and Empire
End of Colonialism in North Africa Road to independence in North and Northeast Africa Egypt during the war 1936 agreement British troops left in 1946 Egypt independent- under King Farouk Problems Nationalism Creation of Israel 1948 Arab-Israeli War Corrupt government 1951 declaration – 1936 agreement voided July 23, 1952 Coup Col. Gamal Abdul Nasser General Neguib
End of Colonialism in North Africa Egypt and the Sudan British forced to allow elections in Sudan in January 1956 Neguib ousted in 1954, Nasser in complete control Foreign aid Seizure of Suez Canal 1956 Sir Anthony Eden- PM Britain- resigns Problems in Sudan 1958 Military Coup General Abboud Internal divisions Religious, ethnic, geographical “Anyanya”- Snake Poison formed in 1963- Southern Sudanese military- Non Muslim Civil War
End of Colonialism in North Africa The Horn of Africa Ethiopia and WWII Haile Selassie restored in 1942 Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa 1962 British Somaliland to Somalia in 1960 Military Coup 1969 General Siad Barre “ 1963 OAU Organization of African Union Eritrea Problems, Independence or Ethiopian province, or complete division Ethiopia win 1952- Eritrea internal independence Muslim Eritrean Liberation Movement Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front
End of Colonialism in North Africa Libya Independence resulted from WWII Allies- Sayyed Idris of Sansui Brotherhood Italy out 1943- Idris “king of Libya” Officially independent 1951 Oil discovered 1965 Military Coup 1969 Col. Muhamar Gadhafi- 27yrs Morocco 1953- France deposed Sultan Muhammad V- exiled to Corsica and Madagascar War vs. Army of Liberation Muhammad V returns 1955 Independence granted 1956 Issue with Rio de Oro and Mauritania - Polisario and partition 1979
End of Colonialism in North Africa Tunisia Independent 1962after ten year long war between France and nationalist under Habib Bourgiba’s nationalist Neo-Destour Party France still influential Algeria- Nasty struggle Muslims vs. Settlers in Setif Impact of Indo-China 1945-1953 October 1954- Algerian nationalist form National Liberation Front (FLN) Revolt launched 1 November 1954, lasts 8 years heavy cost in lives De Gaulle and FLN made a deal in 1962 independence granted Civil War- Muhammad Ben Bella Coup 1965 under Col. Boumedienne
End of Colonialism in Sub-Saharan Africa Pan-African movement W.E.B. Dubois Marcus Garvey Kwame Nkrumah and the Gold Coast 1935-1945 Lincoln University in Pennsylvania 1945- Manchester- Fifth Pan-African Congress Jomo Kenyatta- Kenya Leopold Senghor- Senegal Felix Houphouet-Boigny- Cote d’Ivoire PAC Resolution “We are determined to be free. We want education. We want the right to earn a decent living, the right to express our thoughts and emotions, to adopt and create forms of beauty. We demand for Black Africa autonomy and independence. We will fight in every way we can for freedom, democracy and social betterment.”
End of Colonialism in Sub-Saharan Africa- Ghana The United Gold Coast Convention 1947 issue- 1946 Constitution and African representation in LegCo Elected vs. appointed Accra riots February 1948 response and spread Nkrumah arrested Forms the radical Convention People’s Party (CPP) upon release several months later 1951 elections and results Negotiations with Gov. Arden-Clarke 1954 Elections Nkrumah is PM- Gold Coast has internal self-rule 1957 Ghana is independent with Nkrumah as head of state Problems National Liberation Movement (NLM)- Asante peoples
End of Colonialism in Sub-Saharan Africa Nigeria Problems ethnic, religious divisions North vs. South National Congress of Nigeria and Cameroons- formed 1944 Nnamdi Azikiwe Yoruba Action Group (YAG) Formed 1949 Northern Peoples Congress (NPC)- largely Fulani/Hausa formed 1949 Which Direction? 1. one state 2. 2-3 states 3. Federal system Independence October 1960- under Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Tensions grow Sierra Leone – 1961 Gambia- 1965- issue of Senegal
Independence in French West Africa French Assimilation 1946 Reforms Felix Houphouet-Boigny- Cote d’Ivoire Senegal Leopold Senghor Bloc Democratique Senegalais 1948 1951 elections French and African relations internal self-rule rule 1956 Federalism vs. nationalism De Gaulle in power 1958 the “yes” or “no” to the referendum
French West Africa and British East Africa Guinea Sekou Toure led Guinea to vote no in1958 and becomes First French colony To attain independence By 1960- The year of independence from France 13 French West African Colonies get independence Independence in British East Africa Tanganyika- Mandate to protectorate Nationalism 1951 Meru protest Tanganyikan African Association (TAA) Julius Nyerere forms Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) 1954 Uses Kiswahili = power and unity Multi-racial constitution 1956
British East Africa TANU and 1958 elections Tanganyika Independence 1961 under Julius Nyerere and TANU Zanzibar – Independence December 1963 under the Sultan of Zanzibar Sultan overthrown a few weeks later April 1964- Tanganyika and Zanzibar unite into Republic of Tanzania Independence for Uganda Buganda and Uganda- the Legacy of “Indirect Rule” The role of the Kabaka Kabaka Mutesa II 1961 Independence- the strange place of Buganda and role of Kabaka Political divisions Kabaka Yekka (King Alone) vs. Uganda People’s Congress- Milton Obote- PM 1962
British East Africa Uganda April 1966- Obote’s Constitution May 1966- the storming of the Kabaka’s palace Kabaka Mutesa II in exile Col. Idi Amin January 1971, Coup, Amin in power Civil war
Decolonization in Kenya Devonshire White Paper 1923 Harry Thuku appointed to LegCO in late 1940s Mau Mau Rebellion Roots: Kikuyu, Embu, Meru squatters in White Highlands Ejected from farms in late 1930s Overcrowding reserves joblessness in Nairobi Mau Mau started in early 1940s taking of Oaths KAU and Kenyatta’s response Gov. Philip Mitchell Kenyatta finally denounced Mau Mau in August 1952 at speech in Kiambu
