Instructional Design

1. Instructional Design Dianne Kelly Swinburne University of Technology School of Engineering Technology and Trades

2. What is instructional design • Deliberate process of design to facilitate learning based on • Learner needs • End goal of instruction • Analysis of content • Pedagogical theory

3. AQTF What do teachers need to consider? Student centred RPL Innovation • Contestable funding Fast tracked Online Industry focussed currency flexible Strategic directions Resource development Increasing returns Time fraction responsive

4. And the students…. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpEnFwiqdx8&feature=related

5. ….mmm….toys …. Choices….

7. Systems approach model • Walter Dick and Lou Carey in 1978 published “The Systematic design of Instruction” • Identify instructional goal • Conduct instructional analysis • Analyse learners and contexts • Write performance objectives • Develop assessment instruments • Develop instructional strategy • Develop and select instructional materials • Design and conduct formative evaluation of instruction • Revise instruction • Design and conduct summitive evaluation.

8. Design structure • Robert Gagne worked with pilot training in WWII and then in designing computer training. • He devised the Nine events of Learning to describe the essential stages of instruction.

9. 1 – Gain attention 2 – Inform Learner of Objective 3 – recall prior knowledge 4- present material 5 – provide guided learning 6 – elicit performance 7 – provide feedback 8 – assess performance 9 enhance retention and transfer Nine Events of Instruction

11. Designing opportunities • Merrill argues that task based learning provides learning opportunities. • Tasks need to gradually increase learner independence • Opportunities need to occur for learners to integrate new learning at higher levels, in new and personal ways.

12. David Merrill

13. Scaffolding • Related to existing chunks • Increasing level of difficulty • Supported by feedback • Reinforced by practice to prepare for the next level

14. Sequencing • Structure learning material to build on previous knowledge • Incorporate learning activities to reinforce learning • Vary methods to maintain interest • Build confidence with successes along the way • Increase the level of independence and challenge

15. Bloom’s Taxonomy • In 1956 Benjamin Bloom, an educational psychologist at the University of Chicago, proposed his Taxonomy of Educational Objectives • Bloom’s Taxonomy refers to three domains: • Affective • Psychomotor • cognitive

16. Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis evaluation There are 6 levels in the cognitive domain

17. Lower Level

18. Higher Level

19. Verbs Activity • Each table will have • a list of the levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy • A bundle of Verbs • Match the verbs with the corresponding level on the hierarchy • Use the verbs in designing tasks for each level

20. Chunking • Cognitive Load Theory relates to how we receive information into memory for processing. • The Magic Seven G. A. Miller • Working memory capacity of 7 (+ or – 2) • Chunking extends this. Consider remembering 14105968 • How about 14 10 59 68 … easier?

21. Extraneous cognitive load • Removing extraneous cognitive load can assist in memory retention and scaffolding. • Imagine learning a new skill in a second language. • How much extra load is there?

22. What is this • An object with four sides of equal length and four angles at exactly 90 degrees with the borders accentuated in deeper hues • Or