Dr. Vadim Donchenko Scientific and Research Institute of Motor Transport (NIIAT)

1. ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCEs OF MOTOR VEHICLES AND FUELS IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND CIS COUNTRIES Dr. Vadim Donchenko Scientific and Research Institute of Motor Transport (NIIAT) Russian Federation

2. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

3. Overview of the CIS states Parameter

4. Dynamics of the main motor transport activity parameters in Russian Federation

5. Russian vehicle fleet dynamics

6. Urban motorization levels in Russia

7. Motor fleet structure by age in CIS countries (cars),% Age Country n/d - no data

8. Motor fleet structure by age in CIS countries (buses),% Age Country n/d - no data

9. Motor fleet structure by age in CIS countries (trucks and light duty),% Age Country n/d - no data

10. Age structure of the Russian car fleet

11. Motor vehicle production in the CIS n/d - no data

12. Motor vehicle industry in CIS countries

13. Environmental, health-related and economical impacts of fuel quality Fuel quality (S, Pb, Mn, Fe, RVP, T5O …) S, Mn. Fe, Pb, PVP, T50… S, Pb, Mn, RVP Efficiency of the engine and emission reduction systems CO, CH, NO3, RVP Additional costs of engine and emissions reduction systems maintenance Negative environmental and health effects

14. Some problems which define negative environmental and health impacts of motor transport in CIS countries • Inconsistence between motor fleet growth and development of road infrastructure, resulting in traffic congestion; • Shortcomings in traffic engineering and control, lack of parking policy in cities; • Lack of public transport financing, insufficient quality of its services; • Insufficient rate of vehicle fleet renewal and suboptimal structure of the fleet (mainly concerns truck and bus fleet); • Insufficient quality of produced and retailed motor fuels, lack of system of “assured provision” of consumers with the appropriate fuel; • Insufficient use of alternative fuels.

15. Pollutant emissions from Russian motor vehicle fleet (2006)

16. Dynamics of pollutant emissions by the Russian motor vehicle fleet

17. Improvement of vehicle fleets’ environmental performance across CIS

18. Improvement of vehicle fleets’ environmental performance across CIS

19. Improvement of vehicle fleets’ environmental performance across CIS

20. CIS countries where the use of leaded petrol is still not prohibited • Uzbekistan: leaded petrol constitutes about 10% of total petrol production; • Kyrgyzstan: use of leaded petrol is prohibited in the capital city of Bishkek only; • Tajikistan: there is no official ban on the use of leaded petrol. It is estimated that leaded petrol will be in the country’s fuel market at least until 2009.

21. Schedule of introduction of environmental requirements to motor vehicles and fuels in Russia

22. Euro-3 Schedule of introduction of environmental requirements to motor vehicles and fuels in Russia Euro-2 Euro-4 Fuel 2012 2010 2014 2008 2006 2009 Vehicles Euro-4 Euro-3 Euro-2 Euro-5

23. Russian car fleet structure by environmental class

24. Russian truck fleet structure by environmental class

25. Russian bus fleet structure by environmental class(2006)

26. Fuel specifications in CIS countries

27. Main environmental parameters of motor fuel in Russia *)– The appropriate Technical Regulation was adopted by the Government in February 2008, and will come into force after six months.

28. Structure of petrol production in Russia, %

29. Structure of Russian petrol production by sulfur content

30. Structure of Russian diesel fuel production (by sulfur content, %*) *) - Excluding oil refineries owned by JSC Gazprom and MINI-NPZ **) - EN-590

31. Structure of Russian diesel fuel production by sulfur content

32. Main environmental parameters of Russian EURO-3 and EURO-4 petrols produced by some Russian companies EURO-3 EURO-4

33. Use of CNG as a motor fuel in CIS countries • Russia: about 70 000 motor vehicles are operated on CNG (during Soviet time – about 200 000); • Ukraine: 100 000 motor vehicles (1.5% of the fleet) are operated on CNG; • Moldova: about 5 000 motor vehicles are CNG-fueled; • Belarus: there is a national programme of gasification of the country’s vehicle fleet; • Tajikistan: there are 10 600 motor vehicles operated on CNG; • Kyrgyzstan: CNG-fuelled motor vehicles numbered about 6 000 in 2007; • Georgia: Ministry of Environment reported about 1.7% of motor vehicles using CNG (2005); • Armenia: 1 394 vehicles are fueled by CNG (2007).

34. Production of bio-fuels in CIS countries • Russia: a National Programme for production of bio-fuels is currently being developed. In accordance with it in 5 years annual production of bio-fuels will reach 2 million tons; • Ukraine: in February 2007 the Government has adopted a plan to introduce ethanol for public transport in cities with over 500 000 population before 2010. There are many other projects under consideration. In 2007 3 biodiesel plants were put into operation (mainly working for export); • Moldova: In 2007 the plans to build an ethanol plant processing grain, and a bio-fuel plant converting cellulose-based biomass into biogas, ethanol and synthetic diesel fuel. All produced bio- fuel will be exported; • Belarus: Since 01.02.2007 there is a new diesel specification, allowing use of fatty acid methyl ether (FAME) in automotive diesels; • Kazakhstan: Since September 2006 ethanol fuel is produced at one plant, and 3 more plants are scheduled for construction. All produced fuel is meant for export.

35. Recommendations of the Conference on Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles for Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia • Monitoring fuel quality at fuel stations with responsibility of specific government and involvement of independent auditors; • Carrying out of periodic vehicle emission inspections in centralised facilities under governmental oversight and withdrawal of failed vehicles from operation; • Imported vehicles have to have a functioning catalytic converter. This have to be assured by importer; • Vehicles over 12 years old have to be inspected at least every six months; • Fuel and vehicle requirements have to be introduced together as a corresponding system; • Fuels at retail points have to be clearly labeled to indicate their compliance with “EURO” standards; • Taxation policies and incentives serve to stimulate production, import and consumption of cleaner fuels; • Use of sustainable alternative fuels in addition to conventional petrol and diesel fuels have to be considered and supported to reduce emissions; • Countries have to strengthen the systems for enforcement of and compliance with the above suggestions. .

36. Steps recommended by the Conference on Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles For countries: • Consider putting in place a Programme of Actions (“roadmap”) on implementation of cleaner fuels and vehicles; • Consider possibility of leapfrogging from early “EURO” standards right to EURO-4 or EURO-5; • Consider possibility to introduce incentives to encourage early implementation of cleaner fuels and vehicles; For participants and organizers (REC Caucasus, PCFV): - Actively assist in organization of information and data exchange on cleaner fuels and vehicles; • Report on the progress of implementation of cleaner fuels and vehicles in EECCA region on a regular basis; • Develop an informal network to include Conference participants and other interested parties; • Assist countries to disseminate outcomes of the meeting and routinely update EECCA information on the PCFV website (www.unep.org/pcfv); • Assist (in co-operation with other international forums) in leveraging additional international support for realization of the Conference’s recommendations; • Assist in collection and dissemination of national level information on liquid biofuels.

37. Thanks for your attention!