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Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral Palsy. Cause unknown but may be due to birth injury or abnormal brain development It is present at birth Symptoms include: Spastic quadriplegia Head Rolling Grimacing Difficulty with speech and swallowing.

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Cerebral Palsy

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  1. Cerebral Palsy • Cause unknown but may be due to birth injury or abnormal brain development • It is present at birth • Symptoms include: • Spastic quadriplegia • Head Rolling • Grimacing • Difficulty with speech and swallowing

  2. Cerebral Palsy Treatments Physical Therapy Occupational Therapy Speech Therapy No Cure! Treat Symptoms!!

  3. Parkinson’s Disease • Caused by a decrease of the neurotransmitter dopamine. • Etiology is unknown though recent research has focused on looking for a specific gene

  4. Parkinson’s Disease • Symptoms: • Tremors • Shuffling Gait • Pill-Rolling • Muscular Rigidity • Treatment: • L-dopa and other drugs to treat symptoms

  5. Encephalitis • Inflammation of the brain • Cause – virus or chemical • Most common cause is herpes simplex virus that leads to hemorrhage of the temporal lobes or viruses from mosquitoes or animals • Symptoms • Fever Lethargy Extreme Weakness Visual disturbances

  6. Epilepsy • Seizure disorder of the brain, characterized by recurring and excessive discharge from neurons • Seizures believed to be a result of spontaneous uncontrolled electrical activity of neurons • Cause – Uncertain • Diagnosed with EEG (electroencephalogram)

  7. Epilepsy • Victims may have hallucinations and seizures • Two types of seizures • 1. Grand Mal – severe, convulsive seizure. • 2. Petit Mal – milder (sometimes like someone is just staring) • Treatment is anticonvulsant medications

  8. Dementia • Loss of 2 areas of complex behavior, such as language, memory, visual and spatial abilities, or judgement • Interfers with person’s daily life.

  9. Alzheimer’s Disease • Progressive disease that begins with problems remembering • Nerve endings in cortex of brain degenerate and block signals that pass between nerve cells • Abnormal fibers build up creating tangles • Cause is unknown

  10. Alzheimer’s Disease • First Stage (2-4 years) • Confusion • Short Term Memory Loss • Anxiety • Poor Judgement

  11. 2nd Stage (2-10 years) Increase in memory loss Difficulty recognizing people Motor problems Logic problems Loss of social skills 3rd Stage (1-3 years) Inability to recognize oneself Weight loss Seizures Mood swings Aphasia Alzheimer’s Disease

  12. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) • Chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS • Immune cells attack myelin sheath of axon – myelin sheath destroyed, leaving scar tissue on the nerve cells. • Transmission of impulses blocked • Cause unknown

  13. Multiple Sclerosis • Symptoms: • Weakness of extremities • Numbness • Double Vision • Nystagmus • Speech problems • Loss of coordination • Possible paralysis • Usually strikes young adults age 20-40, mostly women • Rx – Avonex – slows progression

  14. Bell’s Palsy • 7th Cranial nerve involved • Victim seems to have a stroke on one side of the face • Eye does not close properly • The mouth droops • Numbness on the effected side • Cause – unknown • Symptoms disappear within a few weeks

  15. Trigeminal Neuralgia • Involves 5th cranial nerve • Cause – unknown • Onset – rapid • Symptoms - Severe pain brought on by mild stimuli that lasts 2-5 seconds • Rx – analgesics or removal of nerve

  16. Sciatica • Form of neuritis that affects the sciatic nerve • May be rupture of lumbar disc or arthritic changes • Symptoms – pain which radiates through buttock, behind knee and down to foot • Rx – traction, physical therapy, possible surgery

  17. Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) • Stroke or CVA • Interruption of blood and oxygen to the brain • Tissue death occurs • Third leading cause of death in the USA

  18. Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) • Risk Factors: • Smoking • Hypertension • Heart Disease • Family History

  19. Causes of CVA’s • 90% caused by blood clots in the brain or the carotid arteries • Clots lodge in carotid arteries, blocking the flow of blood to the brain • 10% caused by ruptured blood vessels in the brain

  20. Symptoms of CVA Hemiplegia on opposite side of the body • Sudden severe headache • Dizziness • Sudden loss of vision in one eye • Aphasia • Dysphasia • Coma • Possible Death

  21. Treatment of CVA • 1. Get to the hospital immediately! • 2. CAT scan done to determine etilology • 3. If a clot, treatment aimed at dissolving the clot – usually use TPA.

  22. Prevention of CVAs • If TIAs – one asprin a day • Stop smoking • Exercise and lose weight • Control hypertension

  23. Types of Paralysis • Paralysis – Loss of power of motion or sensation • Hemiplegia – paralysis on one side of body – usually seen with strokes • Quadriplegia – paralysis of all four extremtities • Paraplegia – paralysis of lower extremities only.

  24. Diagnostic Tests for the Brain • MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging – uses a magnetic field along with a radio frequency to produce cross-section images of the body. • Patient inserted into chamber build within a huge magnet

  25. Diagnostic Tests of the Brain • CAT Scan – (Computerized Axial Tomography) • Combines X-ray emission with nuclear medicine – produces cross-sectional images

  26. Diagnostic Tests • Electroencephalogram (EEG) –recording of the electrical activity of the brain

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